協(xié)商民主觀的哲學(xué)批判
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-09-07 19:29
【摘要】：民主是迄今為止人類發(fā)現(xiàn)的最適合人類自身的政治形式,同時(shí)也是一種有賴于思想家和哲學(xué)家不斷加以理論化的價(jià)值體系與政治理想。從政治哲學(xué)的角度思考協(xié)商民主,構(gòu)成了一個(gè)協(xié)商民主觀問題。協(xié)商民主觀的概念和基本理論源自西方,但由于它以社會(huì)事實(shí)為理論建構(gòu)的邏輯起點(diǎn),以理性、交往為概念工具,以政治合法性為價(jià)值追尋,體現(xiàn)了對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)民主的批判,對(duì)民主真實(shí)性和合理性的期待與追求,從而成為人類政治文明發(fā)展的共同成果。然而,一方面,由于協(xié)商民主理論本身還未得到充分發(fā)展,以及它在理論建構(gòu)上與民主發(fā)展的社會(huì)和歷史的規(guī)律性有著內(nèi)在的沖突;另一方面,有關(guān)協(xié)商和民主的思想,也是馬克思主義哲學(xué)關(guān)注的主題之一,而且由于我們所處時(shí)代的諸多民主問題很多仍源于資本主義制度危機(jī),仍需馬克思主義哲學(xué)積極面對(duì)并給予回答。因此,對(duì)于源自西方的協(xié)商民主觀,無論是從豐富和發(fā)展人類共同民主觀念和政治實(shí)踐的視角,還是從建構(gòu)中國協(xié)商民主理論、推動(dòng)中國特色社會(huì)主義民主政治發(fā)展的考慮,都需要運(yùn)用馬克思主義哲學(xué)進(jìn)行批判和揚(yáng)棄。這一觀點(diǎn)促成了本文的研究,就是在政治哲學(xué)的視域內(nèi),對(duì)西方協(xié)商民主觀的本質(zhì)、價(jià)值和規(guī)律進(jìn)行本源性、目的性和方法性的思辨、描述與探求,在此基礎(chǔ)上,運(yùn)用馬克思主義民主的基本原理和方法論進(jìn)行思辨,提出超越西方協(xié)商民主觀的馬克思主義思考,最后對(duì)中國協(xié)商民主觀的基本原理、理論內(nèi)涵以及實(shí)踐形態(tài)進(jìn)行探索。論文分四個(gè)部分進(jìn)行研究:第一部分闡釋了協(xié)商民主觀的基本理論。首先對(duì)西方協(xié)商民主的思想淵源和理論發(fā)展做了概括性的描述,梳理和總結(jié)了協(xié)商民主論者關(guān)于協(xié)商民主理論內(nèi)涵的六種主要觀點(diǎn)。之后,對(duì)已有的代表性協(xié)商民主觀,主要是哈貝馬斯的程序性民主和協(xié)商政治觀、喬舒亞·科恩的“自由主義”協(xié)商民主觀、詹姆斯·博曼的制度主義公共協(xié)商觀和約翰·德雷澤克“激進(jìn)”的話語民主觀的主要觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行了歸納與提煉。在此基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)協(xié)商民主觀的政治哲學(xué)意義做出了界定,探討了協(xié)商民主的理論實(shí)質(zhì)和基本特征。第二部分對(duì)協(xié)商民主觀進(jìn)行了解讀與追問。西方協(xié)商民主觀的哲學(xué)基礎(chǔ)源于實(shí)踐哲學(xué)的語言學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)向和主體間性,直接來源于哈貝馬斯的交往哲學(xué)理論,體現(xiàn)了對(duì)民主理想與政治合法性、人權(quán)與人民主權(quán)、個(gè)人自由與民主秩序的和諧等民主理論的重要價(jià)值關(guān)懷的關(guān)注與思考。但由于協(xié)商民主觀理論建構(gòu)的抽象性特征,方法論上的“理性”和“話語”中心主義,以及把社會(huì)事實(shí)當(dāng)作永久的存在,把壓制性力量當(dāng)作普遍和永恒的實(shí)施,它在規(guī)范與經(jīng)驗(yàn)如何銜接、民主程序的中立性是否可能,以及批判與實(shí)踐之間的沖突和解上還存在解釋的難題。第三部分超越西方協(xié)商民主觀集中探討了運(yùn)用馬克思主義民主觀對(duì)西方協(xié)商民主觀所應(yīng)進(jìn)行的哲學(xué)批判與反思。首先,對(duì)馬克思主義民主思想的核心理念,以及它的歷史維度和價(jià)值維度進(jìn)行了分析。之后,從協(xié)商民主觀的馬克思主義淵源,即馬克思主義交往實(shí)踐理論入手,探討了兩者之間存在的差異中的關(guān)聯(lián)與包容。最后基于馬克思主義民主觀的基本原理和方法論,對(duì)西方協(xié)商民主觀進(jìn)行了前提反思、價(jià)值反思與實(shí)踐反思,這種反思既是批判性的,也是包容性的,是對(duì)西方協(xié)商民主觀的揚(yáng)棄與超越。最后一部分探討的是中國協(xié)商民主觀的理論建構(gòu)與實(shí)踐探求。首先,探討了中國協(xié)商民主觀的理論前提與現(xiàn)實(shí)條件。中國協(xié)商民主觀的發(fā)展盡管受到西方民主理論的影響,但其根本的理論基礎(chǔ)是由馬克思主義民主理論演化而來,同時(shí)也源于中國特色社會(huì)主義建設(shè)過程中民主觀念及制度不斷深化和完善。中國協(xié)商民主的現(xiàn)實(shí)條件是民主發(fā)展的迫切需要、制度上的獨(dú)特優(yōu)勢(shì)和真實(shí)存在的多重問題與挑戰(zhàn)的并存。其次,分析了中國協(xié)商民主觀的基本原理和特征。中國協(xié)商民主觀的哲學(xué)原理是:它是一種實(shí)踐哲學(xué);它是一種歷史的、具體的、社會(huì)的存在;它是馬克思主義民主理論的新組成部分和獨(dú)特創(chuàng)造。中國協(xié)商民主觀的基本特征表現(xiàn)為:它是一個(gè)集規(guī)范性與事實(shí)性、普遍性與特殊性為一體的概念;它是一種民主理念,但更強(qiáng)調(diào)一種國家制度建設(shè);它在實(shí)踐中體現(xiàn)為民主體系的建設(shè)。最后,對(duì)中國協(xié)商民主觀實(shí)踐的若干主題進(jìn)行了探討,主要是它與黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)、人民民主、政治協(xié)商、法治國家、公民社會(huì)和國家治理的基本關(guān)系。從協(xié)商民主觀的理論溯源、概念分析、理論實(shí)質(zhì)的界定、主要特征的分析到哲學(xué)解讀與追問,再到超越西方協(xié)商民主觀的馬克思主義思考,最后到中國協(xié)商民主觀的理論建構(gòu)與實(shí)踐進(jìn)路的探討,本文對(duì)協(xié)商民主觀做出了政治哲學(xué)意義上的思考,這不僅是對(duì)西方協(xié)商民主觀的主要觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行梳理與總結(jié)、解讀與追問,更是從馬克思主義民主觀的視角對(duì)西方協(xié)商民主觀進(jìn)行解構(gòu)、思辨和揚(yáng)棄,從而提出中國協(xié)商民主觀的理論構(gòu)想。盡管在內(nèi)容體系上還不夠完整,在邏輯關(guān)系上還不夠嚴(yán)密,在研究方法上還不夠完善,但為全面系統(tǒng)地理解西方協(xié)商民主,豐富和發(fā)展中國特色社會(huì)主義協(xié)商民主理論做出了探索性的嘗試。
[Abstract]:Democracy is by far the most suitable political form for human beings, and it is also a value system and political ideology which depend on the continuous theorization of thinkers and philosophers. To think about deliberative democracy from the perspective of political philosophy constitutes a question of deliberative democracy. The concept and basic theory of deliberative democracy derive from it. The West, however, has become a common result of the development of human political civilization because it takes social facts as its logical starting point, rationality and communication as its conceptual tools and political legitimacy as its value pursuit. On the one hand, it has become a common result of the development of human political civilization by negotiating the people. The theory of democracy itself has not been fully developed, and it has an inherent conflict with the social and historical regularity of democratic development in its theoretical construction. On the other hand, the idea of consultation and democracy is also one of the themes of Marxist philosophy, and because many of the democratic problems of our time still stem from capital. The crisis of socialist system still needs to be faced and answered positively by Marxist philosophy. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the concept of consultative democracy originating from the West, whether from the perspective of enriching and developing the common democratic concept and political practice of mankind, or from the perspective of constructing the theory of Chinese consultative democracy and promoting the development of socialist democratic politics with Chinese characteristics. This viewpoint contributes to the study of this article, which is, from the perspective of political philosophy, to make a speculation, description and Exploration on the origin, purpose and methodology of the essence, value and law of Western deliberative democracy, and on this basis, to apply the basic principles and methods of Marxist democracy. The thesis is divided into four parts: the first part explains the basic theory of deliberative democracy. First, the ideological origin and practice of Western deliberative democracy are discussed. The development of the theory is described in a general way, and six main viewpoints about the connotation of the theory of deliberative democracy are sorted out and summarized. Then, the representative views of deliberative democracy, mainly Habermas'procedural democracy and deliberative politics, Joshua Cohen's "liberal" deliberative democracy, James Boman This paper summarizes and refines the main viewpoints of institutionalism public consultation and John Drazek's "radical" discourse democracy. On this basis, it defines the political and philosophical significance of deliberative democracy and discusses the theoretical essence and basic characteristics of deliberative democracy. Q. The philosophical basis of Western deliberative democracy originates from the linguistic turn and Intersubjectivity of practical philosophy, directly from Habermas'communicative philosophy theory, which embodies the concern and Reflection on the important value of democratic theories such as democratic ideals and political legitimacy, human rights and human democratic rights, and the harmony between individual freedom and democratic order. However, due to the abstract characteristics of the theoretical construction of the concept of deliberative democracy, the centralism of "rationality" and "discourse" in methodology, the permanent existence of social facts, the universal and eternal implementation of repressive forces, the connection between norms and experience, the possibility of the neutrality of democratic procedures, and the possibility of criticism and Practice The third part focuses on the philosophical criticism and Reflection on the western concept of deliberative democracy by using Marxist democracy. Firstly, it analyzes the core concepts of Marxist democratic thought, as well as its historical and value dimensions. Then, starting from the Marxist origin of the concept of deliberative democracy, i.e. the Marxist theory of communicative practice, this paper discusses the correlation and tolerance between the differences between the two. Finally, based on the basic principles and methodology of Marxist democracy, the paper makes a reflection on the premise, value and practice of the western concept of deliberative democracy, which is an anti-reflection. The last part discusses the theoretical construction and practical exploration of Chinese deliberative democracy. Firstly, it discusses the theoretical premise and realistic conditions of Chinese deliberative democracy. Although the development of Chinese deliberative democracy is subjected to Western democratic theory, it is also inclusive. But its basic theoretical basis is derived from Marxist democratic theory, and also from the deepening and perfection of democratic concepts and systems in the process of building socialism with Chinese characteristics. The philosophical principle of Chinese deliberative democracy is: it is a kind of practical philosophy; it is a kind of historical, concrete, social existence; it is a new component and unique creation of Marxist democratic theory. Now, it is a concept that combines normative and factual, universal and special features; it is a democratic concept, but it emphasizes more on the construction of a national system; it is embodied in the construction of a democratic system in practice. Finally, the paper discusses several themes of the practice of Chinese deliberative democracy, mainly with the leadership of the Party and the people. From the theoretical origin, conceptual analysis, the definition of the theoretical essence, the analysis of the main characteristics, to the philosophical interpretation and inquiry, to the Marxist thinking beyond the Western concept of deliberative democracy, and finally to the theoretical construction and reality of the Chinese concept of Deliberative Democracy Discussing the way of practice, this paper makes a political and philosophical reflection on the concept of deliberative democracy, which is not only to sort out and summarize the main viewpoints of the western concept of deliberative democracy, but also to deconstruct, speculate and sublate the western concept of Deliberative Democracy from the perspective of Marxist democracy, thus putting forward China's deliberative democracy. Although the content system is not complete enough, the logical relationship is not strict enough, and the research method is not perfect enough, it has made an exploratory attempt to comprehensively and systematically understand the Western deliberative democracy and enrich and develop the theory of socialist deliberative democracy with Chinese characteristics.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：東北師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：B0-0
本文編號(hào)：2229200
[Abstract]:Democracy is by far the most suitable political form for human beings, and it is also a value system and political ideology which depend on the continuous theorization of thinkers and philosophers. To think about deliberative democracy from the perspective of political philosophy constitutes a question of deliberative democracy. The concept and basic theory of deliberative democracy derive from it. The West, however, has become a common result of the development of human political civilization because it takes social facts as its logical starting point, rationality and communication as its conceptual tools and political legitimacy as its value pursuit. On the one hand, it has become a common result of the development of human political civilization by negotiating the people. The theory of democracy itself has not been fully developed, and it has an inherent conflict with the social and historical regularity of democratic development in its theoretical construction. On the other hand, the idea of consultation and democracy is also one of the themes of Marxist philosophy, and because many of the democratic problems of our time still stem from capital. The crisis of socialist system still needs to be faced and answered positively by Marxist philosophy. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the concept of consultative democracy originating from the West, whether from the perspective of enriching and developing the common democratic concept and political practice of mankind, or from the perspective of constructing the theory of Chinese consultative democracy and promoting the development of socialist democratic politics with Chinese characteristics. This viewpoint contributes to the study of this article, which is, from the perspective of political philosophy, to make a speculation, description and Exploration on the origin, purpose and methodology of the essence, value and law of Western deliberative democracy, and on this basis, to apply the basic principles and methods of Marxist democracy. The thesis is divided into four parts: the first part explains the basic theory of deliberative democracy. First, the ideological origin and practice of Western deliberative democracy are discussed. The development of the theory is described in a general way, and six main viewpoints about the connotation of the theory of deliberative democracy are sorted out and summarized. Then, the representative views of deliberative democracy, mainly Habermas'procedural democracy and deliberative politics, Joshua Cohen's "liberal" deliberative democracy, James Boman This paper summarizes and refines the main viewpoints of institutionalism public consultation and John Drazek's "radical" discourse democracy. On this basis, it defines the political and philosophical significance of deliberative democracy and discusses the theoretical essence and basic characteristics of deliberative democracy. Q. The philosophical basis of Western deliberative democracy originates from the linguistic turn and Intersubjectivity of practical philosophy, directly from Habermas'communicative philosophy theory, which embodies the concern and Reflection on the important value of democratic theories such as democratic ideals and political legitimacy, human rights and human democratic rights, and the harmony between individual freedom and democratic order. However, due to the abstract characteristics of the theoretical construction of the concept of deliberative democracy, the centralism of "rationality" and "discourse" in methodology, the permanent existence of social facts, the universal and eternal implementation of repressive forces, the connection between norms and experience, the possibility of the neutrality of democratic procedures, and the possibility of criticism and Practice The third part focuses on the philosophical criticism and Reflection on the western concept of deliberative democracy by using Marxist democracy. Firstly, it analyzes the core concepts of Marxist democratic thought, as well as its historical and value dimensions. Then, starting from the Marxist origin of the concept of deliberative democracy, i.e. the Marxist theory of communicative practice, this paper discusses the correlation and tolerance between the differences between the two. Finally, based on the basic principles and methodology of Marxist democracy, the paper makes a reflection on the premise, value and practice of the western concept of deliberative democracy, which is an anti-reflection. The last part discusses the theoretical construction and practical exploration of Chinese deliberative democracy. Firstly, it discusses the theoretical premise and realistic conditions of Chinese deliberative democracy. Although the development of Chinese deliberative democracy is subjected to Western democratic theory, it is also inclusive. But its basic theoretical basis is derived from Marxist democratic theory, and also from the deepening and perfection of democratic concepts and systems in the process of building socialism with Chinese characteristics. The philosophical principle of Chinese deliberative democracy is: it is a kind of practical philosophy; it is a kind of historical, concrete, social existence; it is a new component and unique creation of Marxist democratic theory. Now, it is a concept that combines normative and factual, universal and special features; it is a democratic concept, but it emphasizes more on the construction of a national system; it is embodied in the construction of a democratic system in practice. Finally, the paper discusses several themes of the practice of Chinese deliberative democracy, mainly with the leadership of the Party and the people. From the theoretical origin, conceptual analysis, the definition of the theoretical essence, the analysis of the main characteristics, to the philosophical interpretation and inquiry, to the Marxist thinking beyond the Western concept of deliberative democracy, and finally to the theoretical construction and reality of the Chinese concept of Deliberative Democracy Discussing the way of practice, this paper makes a political and philosophical reflection on the concept of deliberative democracy, which is not only to sort out and summarize the main viewpoints of the western concept of deliberative democracy, but also to deconstruct, speculate and sublate the western concept of Deliberative Democracy from the perspective of Marxist democracy, thus putting forward China's deliberative democracy. Although the content system is not complete enough, the logical relationship is not strict enough, and the research method is not perfect enough, it has made an exploratory attempt to comprehensively and systematically understand the Western deliberative democracy and enrich and develop the theory of socialist deliberative democracy with Chinese characteristics.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：東北師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：B0-0
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