本文選題：馬克思 + 人的問題�。� 參考：《西北大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：“社會具體人”學(xué)說是馬克思關(guān)于人的本質(zhì)的核心理念,從方法論的維度上看,也是他理解人的問題的基本方式。依據(jù)這一理念及其所構(gòu)成的理解人的問題的科學(xué)方法,馬克思形成了關(guān)于人的完整的科學(xué)學(xué)說,實現(xiàn)了人學(xué)思想的重大創(chuàng)新。本文試圖通過對這一學(xué)說的時代背景與理論淵源、生發(fā)邏輯與主要內(nèi)容、后世的繼承發(fā)展與現(xiàn)當(dāng)代價值的系統(tǒng)考察來完整地理解這一學(xué)說及其現(xiàn)實意義。首先,從形成機制上看,現(xiàn)代性過程中所提出的人如何在主客體的矛盾同一中規(guī)定自己和解放自己是這一學(xué)說生發(fā)的根本問題。而在德國古典哲學(xué)后期,“無產(chǎn)階級”問題引起青年黑格爾派的關(guān)注并成為馬克思哲學(xué)的中心問題則是這一理念生發(fā)的社會根源。上述機制所導(dǎo)致的關(guān)于人的學(xué)說的邏輯演變是從黑格爾“精神具體人”到青年黑格爾派“自我意識人”、從費爾巴哈“形式現(xiàn)實的人”到馬克思的“社會具體人”的過程。其次,從思想內(nèi)涵上看,這一學(xué)說的思想要點有:其一,從現(xiàn)實多樣性的統(tǒng)一來規(guī)定的個體與群體的關(guān)聯(lián),把社會性理解為人的具體存在方式;其二,從客觀實在性上來規(guī)定人生存的基本內(nèi)容,把人的生存訴求確定為社會實踐基礎(chǔ)上人的自然過程與社會過程的矛盾統(tǒng)一;其三,從概念界定的方法上看,“社會具體人”的理念規(guī)定旨在實現(xiàn)社會中人的共性與個性的基于特定條件的具體統(tǒng)一;其四,從學(xué)說提出的理念目的來看,“社會具體人”學(xué)說旨在實現(xiàn)關(guān)于人的理論的科學(xué)性與實踐性的統(tǒng)一,其最終歸宿是人的自由全面發(fā)展。最后,馬克思“社會具體人”學(xué)說開創(chuàng)了人學(xué)研究和人的解放實踐的新篇章,不僅促發(fā)了后世哲學(xué)家關(guān)于人的問題的深入探索,而且引發(fā)了人的解放特別是無產(chǎn)階級解放的共產(chǎn)主義運動。這一學(xué)說在今天依然具有非常深遠的現(xiàn)實意義:其一,它真正揚棄了傳統(tǒng)人性論的抽象性,實現(xiàn)了對人的科學(xué)理解,形成了人的普遍關(guān)懷與特殊關(guān)懷的具體統(tǒng)一,對我們今天堅持以人為本具有科學(xué)的指導(dǎo)意義;其二,它極力關(guān)注人的實踐,指明了人的自由解放與全面發(fā)展的具體實踐機制,實現(xiàn)了精神解放與物質(zhì)解放的具體統(tǒng)一;其三,它為我們批判各種關(guān)于人的片面學(xué)說提供了有力的思想武器;其四,全面地把握人的生存現(xiàn)實,對我們今天促進社會發(fā)展具有導(dǎo)向價值,對于構(gòu)建“人類命運共同體”與生態(tài)文明建設(shè)具有指導(dǎo)意義。
[Abstract]:The theory of "social concrete person" is Marx's core idea on human nature, and it is also the basic way of his understanding of human problems from the perspective of methodology. According to this concept and the scientific method of understanding the human problem, Marx formed a complete scientific theory on human beings, and realized the great innovation of the human science thought. This paper attempts to fully understand this theory and its practical significance through a systematic investigation of the historical background and theoretical origin, the logic and main contents of birth and development, the inheritance and development of later generations and the value of the present and contemporary times. First of all, from the perspective of formation mechanism, it is the fundamental problem of this theory that how to define oneself and liberate oneself in the contradiction between subject and object, which is put forward in the process of modernity. In the later period of German classical philosophy, the problem of proletariat caused the concern of the young Hegel school and became the central problem of Marxist philosophy. The logic evolution of the theory of human caused by the above mechanism is the process from Hegel's "spiritual concrete person" to the young Hegel's "self-conscious person", from Feuerbach's "form realistic person" to Marx's "social concrete person". Secondly, from the perspective of ideological connotation, the main points of this theory are as follows: first, the connection between individual and group defined by the unity of diversity in reality, the sociality is understood as the concrete way of human existence; The basic content of human existence is defined from the objective reality, and the human survival demand is defined as the contradiction between human natural process and social process on the basis of social practice. The idea of "social concrete person" aims at realizing the specific unity of the commonness and individuality of people in society based on specific conditions. The theory of "social concrete person" aims at realizing the unity of science and practice of the theory of human beings, and its ultimate destination is the free and all-round development of human beings. Finally, Marx's theory of "social concrete man" opened a new chapter in the study of human beings and the practice of human liberation, which not only stimulated the further exploration of human problems by later philosophers. Moreover, the communist movement that led to the liberation of people, especially the proletariat. This theory still has profound practical significance today: first, it has really abandoned the abstract nature of the traditional theory of human nature, realized the scientific understanding of human beings, and formed the concrete unity of universal and special care for human beings. It has scientific guiding significance for us to insist on people-oriented today; second, it pays great attention to the practice of human beings, points out the concrete practical mechanism for the free emancipation and all-round development of human beings, and realizes the concrete unity of spiritual liberation and material liberation. It provides us with a powerful ideological weapon for criticizing all kinds of one-sided theories about human beings; fourthly, to grasp the reality of human existence in an all-round way is of guiding value to our promotion of social development today. It is of guiding significance for the construction of the Community of Human Destiny and the construction of ecological civilization.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西北大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：B038

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