本文選題：波普爾 + 歷史唯物主義��； 參考：《華東師范大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：批判理性主義的代表人物卡爾·波普爾是二十世紀(jì)具有影響的人物。他對(duì)歷史決定論的批判不僅在學(xué)術(shù)界,更在思想理論領(lǐng)域產(chǎn)生了重大的影響。波普爾的思想雖不乏合理之處,但也存在重大理論缺陷,特別是波普爾對(duì)歷史唯物主義的批判充滿大量的曲解甚至歪曲。因此,對(duì)波普爾的反歷史決定論思想作深入分析批判,對(duì)正確理解歷史唯物主義思想,堅(jiān)持馬克思主義在思想理論領(lǐng)域的指導(dǎo)地位具有重要意義。要了解歷史決定論與歷史非決定論論證的關(guān)鍵在何處,首先要了解歷史決定論與歷史非決定論的含義。歷史決定論認(rèn)為,歷史的發(fā)展是受必然性、因果性、和規(guī)律性所決定。而歷史非決定論認(rèn)為,歷史領(lǐng)域中不具有因果性和必然性,不能成為人們預(yù)定歷史發(fā)展的前提和基礎(chǔ)。波普爾將歷史唯物主義看作是一種歷史決定論,在此基礎(chǔ)上提出反歷史決定論的觀點(diǎn)。波普爾在否定歷史規(guī)律的基礎(chǔ)上對(duì)歷史決定論加以批判。首先,社會(huì)是一個(gè)獨(dú)特的領(lǐng)域,人類社會(huì)與自然界是不同質(zhì)的存在,二者具有根本的區(qū)別。因而在社會(huì)領(lǐng)域不存在像自然界那樣的重復(fù)事件,不可能像通過對(duì)自然現(xiàn)象的研究從而把握自然規(guī)律那樣的把握社會(huì)歷史規(guī)律。其次,由于人們所描述的歷史具有主觀選擇性,從而與事實(shí)上的歷史具有差異,因此歷史不是真正的歷史,也就不可能有意義。再次,社會(huì)歷史的發(fā)展不可預(yù)測(cè),它只可能是預(yù)言。波普爾提出歷史由人所創(chuàng)造,歷史的發(fā)展受到人的主觀因素的影響,并通過假說演繹法不能應(yīng)用于對(duì)歷史現(xiàn)象的研究,得出歷史不可預(yù)測(cè)的結(jié)論。但是,真正的歷史唯物主義與波普爾論述不一樣。歷史唯物主義認(rèn)為,推動(dòng)歷史發(fā)展起決定作用的是生產(chǎn)力的發(fā)展,生產(chǎn)力與生產(chǎn)關(guān)系的矛盾運(yùn)動(dòng)是社會(huì)發(fā)展的動(dòng)力。但當(dāng)生產(chǎn)關(guān)系阻礙生產(chǎn)力的發(fā)展時(shí),以及上層建筑在生產(chǎn)力發(fā)展到一定水平,前后兩種生產(chǎn)關(guān)系同時(shí)并存的歷史交叉點(diǎn)時(shí),上層建筑也會(huì)對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ)產(chǎn)生支配性作用。不僅如此,由于歷史的發(fā)展并不是單個(gè)意志的作用,而是整個(gè)人類意志合力的結(jié)果;也不是經(jīng)濟(jì)一種因素的作用,而是包括整個(gè)社會(huì)的各種因素綜合作用的結(jié)果,因而歷史發(fā)展也是歷史合力的結(jié)果。波普爾對(duì)歷史唯物主義的批判有多方面的曲解和歪曲,表明波普爾不懂得歷史唯物主義的歷史決定論。其一,歷史唯物主義的歷史規(guī)律,就是社會(huì)基本矛盾運(yùn)行的規(guī)律,這一基本矛盾的運(yùn)行使歷史發(fā)展具有必然性。歷史的必然性通過各種偶然性表現(xiàn)出來,歷史是多種因素交互作用的結(jié)果。其二,歷史唯物主義認(rèn)為重復(fù)性是基于社會(huì)關(guān)系條件下的重復(fù),重復(fù)不是事件的重復(fù),是事件背后本質(zhì)的、必然的、聯(lián)系的重復(fù)。其三,歷史唯物主義的統(tǒng)一性是指三大社會(huì)形態(tài)的依次發(fā)展,但這三大社會(huì)形態(tài)并不是絕對(duì)統(tǒng)一,每個(gè)民族每個(gè)國(guó)家也會(huì)有自己特殊的發(fā)展過程和社會(huì)形態(tài)�；诓ㄆ諣柗礆v史決定論思想的反思發(fā)現(xiàn),雖然波普爾對(duì)人的主觀能動(dòng)性認(rèn)識(shí)有一定的正確性,但波普爾在方法論上和理論上卻有其錯(cuò)誤和危害。波普爾在社會(huì)歷史的研究領(lǐng)域運(yùn)用證偽的方法,認(rèn)為所有的理論都必須經(jīng)過一切證偽的考驗(yàn)才能認(rèn)為是真理,這種證偽主義的方法過于片面,不過是經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義的極端。而且波普爾可錯(cuò)方法并沒有將可錯(cuò)性運(yùn)用于數(shù)學(xué)和邏輯知識(shí)領(lǐng)域,也沒有完全脫離證實(shí)的邏輯,因而并不具有普遍性,波普爾將這些錯(cuò)誤方法運(yùn)用于社會(huì)科學(xué)之中,這會(huì)導(dǎo)致夸大科學(xué)知識(shí)的作用,以及對(duì)馬克思的歷史決定論思想產(chǎn)生誤解。
[Abstract]:Karl Popper, the representative of critical rationalism, is an influential figure in the twentieth Century. His criticism of historical determinism not only has a great influence on the academic circles, but also in the field of Ideological and theoretical. Although Popper's thought has no lack of reason, there are also major theoretical defects, especially Popper's historical materialism. Criticism is full of a lot of misinterpretation and even distortion. Therefore, it is of great significance to analyze and criticize Popper's thought of anti historical determinism, to understand the thought of historical materialism and to adhere to the guiding position of Marx doctrine in the field of ideological theory. First, we should understand the meaning of historical determinism and historical indeterminism. Historical determinism holds that the development of history is determined by inevitability, causality and regularity. And historical indeterminism holds that the historical field is not causality and inevitability, and can not be the prerequisite and foundation for the development of people's history. Popper will be the historical materialist. As a historical determinism, it puts forward the view of anti historical determinism on this basis. Popper criticizes the theory of historical determinism on the basis of negating the law of history. First, society is a unique field, human society and nature are dissimilar, the two have fundamental differences. Therefore, there is no existence in the social field. Repeated events like nature are not possible to grasp the law of society and history like the law of nature through the study of natural phenomena. Secondly, since the history of the people is characterized by subjective selectivity and thus different from the actual history, history is not a real history, and it is impossible to make sense. Again, The development of social history is not predictable, it can only be prophecy. Popper proposed that history was created by people, the development of history was influenced by human subjective factors, and the hypothesis deductive method could not be applied to the study of historical phenomena, and the historical unpredictable conclusions were drawn. However, true historical materialism and Popper argued differently. Historical materialism believes that the promotion of historical development is the development of productive forces. The contradiction movement between productivity and production is the motive force of social development. However, when production relations impede the development of productive forces, and the superstructure develops to a certain level in the productive forces, the history of the coexistence of two kinds of production relations at the same time At the time of the forking, superstructure will also have a dominant role in the economic base. Not only that, since the development of history is not the function of a single will, but the result of the resultant force of the whole human will; it is not a factor of the economy, but a result of the comprehensive effect of all kinds of factors in the whole society, so the historical development is also a history. The result of the resultant force. Popper's criticism of historical materialism has many misinterpretation and distortions. It shows that Popper does not know the historical determinism of historical materialism. First, the historical materialism of historical materialism is the law of the basic contradiction of society. The operation of this basic contradiction makes historical development inevitable. Historical necessity is necessary. History is the result of various contingencies, history is the result of interaction of various factors. Secondly, historical materialism believes that repetition is based on the repetition of social relations, repetition is not the repetition of events, is the essential, inevitable, and contact repetition behind the events. Thirdly, the unity of historical materialism refers to the three big societies. The form has been developed in turn, but the three social forms are not absolutely unified, and each nation and every nation will have its own special development process and social form. Based on the reflection of Popper's anti historical determinism, it is found that although Popper is correct in understanding the subjective initiative of human beings, Popper is in the methodology and theory. Popper used falsification in the field of social history to think that all theories must be tested by all false positivism to be truths. The method of falsification is too one-sided, but the extremity of empiricism. And Popper's error method has not been applied to the mistake. The field of mathematical and logical knowledge has not completely separated from the logic of confirmation, so it is not universal. Popper applied these wrong methods to social science, which will lead to the exaggeration of the role of scientific knowledge and the misunderstanding of Marx's historical determinism.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華東師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：B03

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