GATA6上調(diào)LOXL2促進(jìn)膽管癌侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移和FXR上調(diào)SOCS3抑制肝細(xì)胞癌增殖的研究
[Abstract]:Chapter 1 GATA6 promotes the invasion and metastasis of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) by up-regulating LOXL2. Background Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a common malignant tumor of the hepatobiliary system. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an important process for cancer cells derived from epithelial cells to acquire the ability of migration and invasion. Lysyl oxidase-like 2 protein (LOXL2) is a modified enzyme that plays an important role in maintaining the homeostasis of extracellular matrix and cell movement. GATA binding protein 6 (GATA6) is an important transcriptional molecule that regulates cell proliferation and differentiation during embryonic development. Recent studies have shown that LOXL2 and GATA6 are not uniformly expressed in various tumors and play different roles. They are considered as tumor suppressor in some tissues and promote in other tumors. Therefore, it is necessary to study the expression of LOXL2 and GATA6 in CCA and their roles in CCA and to determine whether they promote or inhibit CCA progression. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that there was a possible binding site of GATA6 in the promoter region of LOXL2 gene, suggesting that GATA6 may be an upstream regulator of LOXL2. In addition, literature suggests that LOXL2 may be a tumor-promoting molecule. Therefore, we speculate that GATA 6 in CCA can regulate the expression of LOXL2, promote the occurrence of EMT and enhance the invasion and migration of CCA cells by mediating the down-regulation of the expression of E-cadherin.Material methods and research results 1, CCA tumor tissue and metastasis. The expression of LOXL2 and GATA6 was significantly correlated. Paraffin specimens of 90 CCA patients and 24 corresponding adjacent tissues were collected from the Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery of Southwest Hospital from 2005 to 2012. The expression of LOXL2 and GATA6 in CCA tumor tissues was significantly higher than that in adjacent tissues by immunohistochemistry. The expression of LOXL2 was detected by RT-q PCR and Western blot in CCA cells (QBC939 and RBE). It was found that the expression of LOXL2 in mRNA and protein levels was higher than that in RBE cells. The above results showed that the expression of LOXL2 and GATA6 in CCA was correlated. 2. The high expression of LOXL2 and GATA6 in CCA tumor tissues and cells was related to invasion and metastasis. The data of 90 cases (including follow-up data) were collected. The high expression of LOXL2 and GATA6 in CCA tumor tissues and clinical cases were statistically analyzed. The expression levels of LOXL2 and GATA6 were significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis. Further analysis of Kaplan-Meier model showed that the high expression of LOXL2 and GATA6 resulted in poor prognosis. The invasion of QBC939 cells with high expression of LOXL2 and GATA6 was detected by Transwell invasion test and damage repair test. The above results showed that the functions of LOXL2 and GATA6 were similar in CCA. 3. Bioinformatics analysis showed that GATA6 might have a binding site in the promoter region of LOXL2 gene, suggesting that GATA6 might be an upstream regulator of LOXL2. By RNA interference and overexpression strategy, the effects of GATA6 on LOXL2 expression were detected in both positive and negative ways. After interfering with GATA6 expression in QBC939 cells, the mRNA and protein levels of LOXL2 decreased, and the mRNA and protein levels of LOXL2 increased when GATA6 was overexpressed in RBE cells. GATA6 can affect the invasion and migration of CCA cells by regulating the expression of LOXL2. GATA6 can interfere with the expression of LOXL2 in CCA cells by "recovery test", that is, by interfering with the expression of GATA6 and then interfering with the expression of LOXL2 in reverse direction. The ability of invasion and migration of CCA cells was detected by Transwell invasion test and damage repair test. Overexpression of GATA6 in RBE cells can significantly enhance the ability of invasion and migration, and this inhibition can be partially weakened by reverse interference with LOXL2 expression. GATA6-LOXL2 pathway enhanced the invasion and migration of CCA cells by stimulating EMT. Immunohistochemical staining showed that E-cadherin, an epithelial marker, was low in CCA tumor tissues with high expression of GATA6 and LOXL2, but Vimentin, an interstitial marker, was high in CCA cells. The expression levels of E-cadherin and Vimentin were significantly correlated with the expression levels of GATA6 and LOXL2, respectively. Further, the expression of LOXL2 in CCA cells was detected by "recovery test" after GATA6 expression was interfered, and the expression level of E-cadherin, an EMT marker, was detected. The results showed that GATA6-mediated up-regulation of LOXL2 in QBC939 cells was inhibited. In CCA cells, E-cadherin expression was increased by GATA6-mediated LOXL2 down-regulation, while in RBE cells, LOXL2 down-regulation promoted E-cadherin expression. These results suggest that GATA6 affects EMT by regulating LOXL2 expression, thereby promoting EMT occurrence and invasion and metastasis. It was found that the high expression of GATA6 in CCA was closely related to lymph node metastasis and poor prognosis. Furthermore, in CCA cell model, the positive and negative effects of GATA6 on LOXL2 expression were confirmed by RNA interference and overexpression strategy, and GATA6 up-regulated LOX by "recovery test". L2 expression promotes EMT and thus promotes invasion and migration of CCA cells. These results may not only reveal the mechanism of LOXL2 expression in CCA invasion and metastasis, but also provide theoretical and experimental evidence for future clinical treatment of CCA based on GATA6-LOXL2. Chapter 2 Nuclear receptor FXR inhibits liver fineness by up-regulating SOCS3. Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a worldwide malignant tumor with high mortality. The STAT3 signaling pathway plays an important role in the development of HCC. As an important endogenous negative feedback regulator of STAT3 pathway, low expression in many cancers leads to abnormal activation of STAT3. More and more evidences also show that the restored expression of SOCS3 (i.e. functional recovery) has significant antitumor activity in HCC, inflammatory colon cancer, malignant mesothelioma and other tumors. Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) plays an important role in the prevention and treatment of HCC and other malignant tumors. In addition to its close involvement in substance metabolism and anti-inflammation, FXR plays a significant inhibitory and protective role in HCC and other malignant tumors, but the specific mechanism remains to be further explored. In view of the important role of FXR and SOCS3 in HCC, can FXR play an anticancer role by regulating the expression of SOCS3? Therefore, by analyzing the specific binding sites of FXR in the promoter region of SOCS3 gene in HCC cells, we clarify the new mechanism of FXR inhibiting HCC by up-regulating SOCS3, so as to explore the HCC targeting FXR-SOCS3. Material methods and research results 1. FXR can inhibit the proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma by up-regulating SOCS-3. FXR agonist GW4064 can inhibit the proliferation of human HCC cells (HepG2 and Huh7) and induce cell cycle by MTS cell proliferation, flow cytometry, RT-qPCR and Western blot. Blocking the expression of p21, the key molecule of cell cycle, and inhibiting the phosphorylation and activation of STAT3 in G1 phase, was demonstrated by RNA interference strategy. Further in vivo experiments showed that GW4064 could inhibit the growth of HCC xenograft tumor in nude mice. 2. To clarify the role of GW4064 in up-regulating the expression of SOCS3. Bioinformatics analysis showed that FXR reaction elements may exist in the promoter region of SOCS3 gene. Further, through reporter gene test (binding point mutation strategy), EMSA test and ChIP test, FXR was confirmed to be up-regulated by activating FXR in the promoter region of human SOCS3 gene. Three, the expression of FXR and SOCS3 in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues was significantly decreased, while STAT3 abnormal activation was detected in 66 HCC clinical specimens from the Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital from 2013 to 2014. Immunohistochemical method was used to detect the expression of FXR and SOCS3 in the corresponding adjacent tissues. The expression levels of FXR and SOCS3 in HCC tumors were significantly lower than those in HCC tumors (statistical analysis showed that there was a significant correlation between the expression levels of FXR and SOCS3), and the activation level of STAT3 (i.e. the expression level of p-STAT3) was significantly higher in HCC tumors. Using hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells as a model, the specific binding sites of FXR in the promoter region of SOCS 3 gene were analyzed in detail, and the molecular mechanism of up-regulation of SOCS 3 by FXR was elucidated. Phosphorylation activation of T3, inhibition of FXR on HCC xenograft in nude mice, and positive correlation between FXR and SOCS3G expression levels were further clarified in HCC patients. The above results clarify the new mechanism of FXR inhibiting HCC by up-regulating SOCS3, thus providing new insights into HCC therapy targeting FXR-SOCS3. The experimental basis and theoretical basis.
【學(xué)位授予單位】:第三軍醫(yī)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】:博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】:2015
【分類號(hào)】:R735
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