本文選題：減壓理論 + 減壓模型��； 參考：《第二軍醫(yī)大學(xué)》2016年碩士論文

【摘要】：減壓潛水后均需要遵循合理的減壓方案以安全回到常壓環(huán)境。這些減壓方案常常以減壓表的形式呈現(xiàn),而這些減壓表的背后則是基于不同減壓模型的減壓算法。1908年,英國生理學(xué)家Haldane首次提出了用于潛水減壓的理論和模型,并以此計算了空氣潛水減壓表。然而,實踐結(jié)果表明,Haldane模型計算的減壓表,其DCS的發(fā)病率比較高,安全性有待改善。隨著潛水減壓研究的深入,在減壓模型和理論上推陳出新,減壓模型已經(jīng)發(fā)生了很大的變化。國內(nèi)對潛水減壓理論和模型少有關(guān)注,缺乏相關(guān)的理論積累。隨著海洋資源開發(fā)步伐的加快、軍事作業(yè)向深藍進軍及休閑潛水的日趨風靡,潛水活動深度和停留時間范圍仍在拓展;在軍事潛水作業(yè)中,對于緊急打撈作業(yè)的效率和安全性不斷有新的要求;而休閑潛水中反復(fù)潛水、逆向潛水、多天潛水、潛水后乘坐飛行器等復(fù)雜情況日趨頻繁。所有這些,使得當前國內(nèi)的潛水減壓技術(shù)已無法滿足要求,需要從減壓理論和算法模型源頭建立我國在本領(lǐng)域的理論體系,并根據(jù)實踐需求構(gòu)建科學(xué)先進的算法模型。本項目首先研究了潛水減壓理論的發(fā)展史,進而通過Haldane恒定過飽和安全系數(shù)、依深度和組織而不同的M值及溶解氣體及自由氣體發(fā)展,系統(tǒng)解析了傳統(tǒng)及現(xiàn)代兩大減壓理論的特點及優(yōu)劣和惰性氣體在體內(nèi)運動的生理及物理模擬規(guī)律。其次,通過逐個解析一個世紀來研發(fā)的重要的減壓模型,理解其生理學(xué)依據(jù),根據(jù)其科學(xué)性和在實踐中的應(yīng)用成效,科學(xué)論證傳統(tǒng)溶解相氣體模型和現(xiàn)代自由相氣泡模型優(yōu)劣,為新模型開發(fā)提供有益思路。溶解氣體模型的減壓負荷主要基于組織惰性氣體過飽和程度估算,氣泡模型減壓負荷基于過飽和導(dǎo)致的氣泡數(shù)目或者氣泡體積。因而,兩者產(chǎn)生的減壓方案差別比較明顯,溶解氣體模型建議減壓第一站越靠近水面越好,而氣泡模型建議第一停留站深度較深以限制組織已有氣泡相的增長。而依托潛水數(shù)據(jù)庫形成的的概率性優(yōu)化方法,又可使得原有模型能夠在考慮其實踐應(yīng)用結(jié)果后進一步得到優(yōu)化,逐步提升安全性。最后,基于對傳統(tǒng)和現(xiàn)代減壓理論、算法模型的綜合剖析理解,構(gòu)建潛水減壓計算方法,并針對大深度氦氧潛水減壓問題,通過合理縮減第一站GF(gradientfactor,GF)進而增加第一站深度,降低自由氣體體積快速增加的風險,同時擴大最后站GF以此適當縮減停留時間,在保證減壓效率的情況下降低減壓病發(fā)生風險。可以預(yù)見,新方法在大深度潛水減壓時將比傳統(tǒng)方法更安全;與現(xiàn)代減壓模型相比,則計算過程要簡單的多,更適于潛水電腦實時計算。
[Abstract]:After decompression diving, it is necessary to follow a reasonable decompression scheme to safely return to the atmospheric environment. These decompression schemes are often presented in the form of a pressure relief table, and behind these pressure relief tables are based on the decompression algorithm based on different decompression models.1908, the British physiologist Haldane first proposed the theory and model for submersible decompression. The air diving pressure relief meter is calculated. However, the practical results show that the pressure reduction meter calculated by the Haldane model, the incidence of DCS is high, and the security needs to be improved. With the deep study of submersible decompression, the decompression model and theory have been put forward, and the decompression model has changed greatly. There are few theories and models for diving decompression in China. With the rapid development of marine resources development, the military operations are becoming increasingly popular in the deep blue marching and leisure diving, the depth of the diving activities and the range of stay are still expanding; in the military diving operation, the efficiency and safety of the emergency salvage operation are constantly new requirements; and the recreational diving is in the middle of the scuba diving. Complex diving, reverse dive, multi day diving, and diving aircraft after diving are becoming more and more complicated. All this makes the current domestic diving decompression technology can not meet the requirements. We need to establish our theoretical system in this field from the theory of decompression and the source of the algorithm model, and build a scientific and advanced algorithm model according to the practical needs. This project first studies the development history of the theory of submersible decompression, and then analyzes the characteristics and advantages and disadvantages of the traditional and modern two major decompression theories and the physical and physical simulation rules of the inert gas in the body through the Haldane constant supersaturation safety factor, the different M values of depth and organization and the development of dissolved gases and free gases. Secondly, by analyzing the important decompression model for a century by one century and understanding its physiological basis, according to its scientific and practical application, the traditional dissolved phase gas model and the modern free phase bubble model are scientifically proved to provide useful ideas for the development of the new model. The stress relief load of the dissolved gas model is the main method. Based on the estimation of the degree of supersaturation of the tissue inert gas, the pressure reduction load of the bubble model is based on the number of bubbles or bubble volume caused by the supersaturation. Therefore, the difference of the decompression scheme is obvious. The dissolved gas model suggests that the first station near the water surface is better, and the bubble model suggests the depth of the first stop station to limit the group. With the growth of the existing bubble phase, the probabilistic optimization method based on the dive database can make the original model be optimized and gradually improve the safety after considering the practical application results. Finally, based on the comprehensive analysis and understanding of the traditional and modern decompression theory and the algorithm model type, the calculation formula for diving decompression is constructed. In order to reduce the risk of rapid increase of the volume of free gas by reducing the first station GF (gradientfactor, GF) and increasing the depth of the first station to reduce the risk of rapid increase of free gas volume, the final station GF is expanded to reduce the residence time and reduce the risk of decompression sickness to reduce the risk of decompression sickness. The new method is safer than the traditional method in deep diving decompression; compared with the modern decompression model, the calculation process is much simpler and is more suitable for the real-time calculation of the diving computer.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：第二軍醫(yī)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：R84;R-332

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