香煙煙霧對(duì)雄性小鼠睪丸與附睪影響的蛋白質(zhì)組學(xué)研究
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2019-07-03 17:37
【摘要】：研究背景與目的：香煙煙霧成分復(fù)雜，許多成分能夠危害人體健康。流行病學(xué)調(diào)查顯示，吸煙行為與男性的生育能力之間具有較高的相關(guān)性，其主要表現(xiàn)為精液中精子密度降低、精子運(yùn)動(dòng)能力減弱、精子形態(tài)異常、體外受精受孕率降低。這一現(xiàn)象直接導(dǎo)致了吸煙男性生育能力的降低，甚至因而影響到后代的健康。很多研究者試圖找出吸煙行為降低男性生育能力的原因，包括彗星電泳法（comet）、末端脫氧核苷酸轉(zhuǎn)移酶介導(dǎo)的dUTP-生物素缺口末端標(biāo)記法（TUNEL）與精子染色體結(jié)構(gòu)分析（SCSA）在內(nèi)的各種方法證實(shí)了吸煙會(huì)導(dǎo)致精子DNA的斷裂、染色體的結(jié)構(gòu)異常以及染色體非整倍性的發(fā)生，也有研究顯示吸煙會(huì)改變血清中激素的水平，從而影響精子的生成。 雄性生殖系統(tǒng)中，睪丸是精子生成的主要場(chǎng)所，而附睪是精子成熟的主要場(chǎng)所，這兩個(gè)器官對(duì)精子與精液的質(zhì)量具有非常重要的作用。我們的研究使用實(shí)驗(yàn)室先期建立的小鼠吸煙模型，運(yùn)用蛋白質(zhì)組學(xué)的方法來(lái)觀察香煙煙霧處理后小鼠睪丸與附睪中蛋白質(zhì)總體的表達(dá)情況，找出表達(dá)水平較沒有使用香煙煙霧處理的小鼠睪丸與附睪中的相應(yīng)蛋白質(zhì)發(fā)生顯著差異的蛋白質(zhì)，結(jié)合生物信息學(xué)的方法分析這些蛋白質(zhì)的功能以及它們與生育能力之間的關(guān)系，試圖找出香煙煙霧處理對(duì)雄性生育能力造成影響的分子機(jī)制。 研究方法：七周齡雄性C57/BL6J小鼠每日用香煙煙霧處理兩次，每次一小時(shí)，持續(xù)處理兩周，對(duì)照組小鼠不用香煙煙霧處理。處理期滿后取小鼠睪丸與附睪，分別提取總蛋白進(jìn)行雙向電泳，比較處理組小鼠與對(duì)照組小鼠相關(guān)組織的雙向電泳結(jié)果，挑選兩者間表達(dá)水平發(fā)生顯著差異的蛋白質(zhì)點(diǎn)切膠進(jìn)行基質(zhì)輔助激光解吸/電離飛行時(shí)間質(zhì)譜分析，以鑒定出這些蛋白質(zhì)點(diǎn)所代表的蛋白質(zhì)。從質(zhì)譜分析鑒定得到的蛋白質(zhì)中隨機(jī)取數(shù)個(gè)蛋白質(zhì)，使用Western-blotting的方法對(duì)這些蛋白質(zhì)在處理組小鼠與對(duì)照組小鼠相關(guān)組織中表達(dá)水平差異的趨勢(shì)進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證，以確定雙向電泳與質(zhì)譜分析的結(jié)果是否可靠，同時(shí)利用Real-time PCR的方法對(duì)這些蛋白相應(yīng)的基因在相應(yīng)器官中的轉(zhuǎn)錄水平進(jìn)行檢測(cè)，以觀察這些基因在處理組與對(duì)照組小鼠之間轉(zhuǎn)錄水平的差異。 將得到驗(yàn)證的由雙向電泳與質(zhì)譜分析得到的香煙煙霧處理后小鼠睪丸與附睪組織中表達(dá)水平發(fā)生變化的蛋白質(zhì)使用Blast2GO進(jìn)行功能注釋，同時(shí)從生物學(xué)過(guò)程、分子功能兩個(gè)層次上對(duì)這些蛋白質(zhì)進(jìn)行基于基因本體論的歸類。使用通路分析工具KEGG與IPA對(duì)這些蛋白質(zhì)所涉及的通路進(jìn)行分析，找出受到影響的主要通路與生物學(xué)過(guò)程。對(duì)找出的通路的下游作用標(biāo)志物使用免疫組織化學(xué)的方法在組織水平上對(duì)組織切片進(jìn)行檢測(cè)，以驗(yàn)證通路分析得到的結(jié)果與推測(cè)。 研究結(jié)果：通過(guò)雙向電泳，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)香煙煙霧處理后的小鼠睪丸與附睪組織中各自有超過(guò)1000個(gè)蛋白點(diǎn)的表達(dá)水平與對(duì)照組小鼠存在差異，其中睪丸組織中有27個(gè)蛋白點(diǎn)的表達(dá)水平差異在1.5倍以上，附睪組織中有52個(gè)蛋白點(diǎn)的表達(dá)水平差異在2倍以上，可以認(rèn)為差異水平顯著。挑選這些在香煙煙霧處理后的小鼠睪丸與附睪組織中表達(dá)水平差異顯著的蛋白點(diǎn)進(jìn)行質(zhì)譜分析，睪丸與附睪組織中分別有27個(gè)蛋白點(diǎn)成功地得到了鑒定，它們的表達(dá)水平各自可以用來(lái)代表27種相應(yīng)蛋白質(zhì)的表達(dá)水平。在小鼠睪丸中，得到鑒定的27種蛋白質(zhì)中的6種蛋白質(zhì)表達(dá)水平上調(diào)，21種蛋白質(zhì)表達(dá)水平下調(diào)；在小鼠附睪中，得到鑒定的27種蛋白質(zhì)中的12種蛋白質(zhì)表達(dá)水平上調(diào)，，15種蛋白質(zhì)的表達(dá)水平下調(diào)。分別隨機(jī)挑選睪丸組織中的5種蛋白質(zhì)和附睪組織中的8種蛋白質(zhì)，使用相應(yīng)組織進(jìn)行Western-blotting對(duì)雙向電泳與質(zhì)譜分析得到的結(jié)果進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證，結(jié)果顯示W(wǎng)estern-blotting檢測(cè)得到的處理組與對(duì)照組間表達(dá)差異的趨勢(shì)與雙向電泳和質(zhì)譜分析得到的表達(dá)差異趨勢(shì)基本一致，因此認(rèn)為雙向電泳與質(zhì)譜分析的結(jié)果是可靠的。 將通過(guò)雙向電泳與質(zhì)譜分析得到的差異表達(dá)蛋白上傳至IPA進(jìn)行通路分析，發(fā)現(xiàn)在香煙煙霧處理后的小鼠睪丸中，表達(dá)水平與對(duì)照組小鼠具有顯著差異的蛋白質(zhì)中很多都能夠直接或間接地與NF-κB發(fā)生作用，且根據(jù)通路分析它們的表達(dá)水平變化趨勢(shì)能夠抑制NF-κB的表達(dá)或激活。使用NF-κB復(fù)合體p65亞基的抗體在相應(yīng)的睪丸組織切片上使用免疫組織化學(xué)的方法檢測(cè)NF-κB的表達(dá)與激活情況，證實(shí)相較于對(duì)照組小鼠睪丸組織，香煙煙霧處理后的小鼠睪丸組織中生殖細(xì)胞內(nèi)的NF-κB的表達(dá)或激活遭到了抑制。NF-κB在這些細(xì)胞中的正常水平的表達(dá)與激活對(duì)維持生殖細(xì)胞的正常增殖與精子的分化具有非常重要的意義，香煙煙霧抑制了這些細(xì)胞中的NF-κB的表達(dá)與激活，可能會(huì)通過(guò)影響到生殖細(xì)胞的正常增殖與精子的分化而影響到精液的質(zhì)量。 同樣的，將通過(guò)雙向電泳與質(zhì)譜分析得到的差異表達(dá)蛋白上傳至KEGG進(jìn)行通路分析后發(fā)現(xiàn)，在香煙煙霧處理后的小鼠附睪中，表達(dá)水平于對(duì)照組小鼠具有顯著差異的蛋白質(zhì)比較集中作用的通路有谷胱甘肽代謝通路與內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)相關(guān)降解途徑（ERAD），且根據(jù)Blast2GO對(duì)這些蛋白質(zhì)的注釋，其中很多蛋白質(zhì)均與維持機(jī)體正常的氧化還原穩(wěn)態(tài)相關(guān)。這一結(jié)果暗示了香煙煙霧處理后小鼠附睪處于氧化應(yīng)激狀態(tài)。使用氧化應(yīng)激的特異性標(biāo)志物8-OHdG抗血清在相應(yīng)的附睪組織切片上使用免疫組織化學(xué)的方法檢測(cè)8-OHdG的存在，結(jié)果顯示香煙煙霧處理后的小鼠附睪處于較為嚴(yán)重的氧化應(yīng)激狀態(tài)中。氧化應(yīng)激能夠引起ERAD從而影響蛋白質(zhì)的正常合成，而Real-time PCR的結(jié)果顯示處理組與對(duì)照組的小鼠附睪組織間差異表達(dá)蛋白在相應(yīng)基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄水平上差異并不顯著，且差異趨勢(shì)與蛋白質(zhì)水平的差異趨勢(shì)不一致，這一點(diǎn)提示我們也許是氧化應(yīng)激引起的ERAD導(dǎo)致了蛋白表達(dá)水平的差異。 此外，在對(duì)其他經(jīng)過(guò)香煙煙霧處理后的小鼠睪丸與附睪組織中表達(dá)存在顯著差異的蛋白經(jīng)過(guò)注釋與分析后我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，它們中的很多都能夠通過(guò)不同途徑影響到生育能力。 結(jié)論：香煙煙霧處理能夠?qū)е滦∈蟛G丸和附睪這兩個(gè)重要的生殖器官中蛋白表達(dá)水平的變化，在睪丸中香煙煙霧能夠通過(guò)對(duì)NF-κB途徑的抑制干擾生殖細(xì)胞的正常增殖與精子的分化，在附睪中則能夠通過(guò)造成氧化應(yīng)激誘導(dǎo)ERAD的發(fā)生，從而影響蛋白質(zhì)的正常合成，進(jìn)一步損害附睪正常的功能。結(jié)合其他表達(dá)發(fā)生顯著差異的蛋白對(duì)精子的影響，香煙煙霧最終通過(guò)這些途徑降低精子的質(zhì)量，從而使雄性小鼠的生育能力下降。
[Abstract]:The background and purpose of the study are that the smoke components of the cigarette are complex and many components can be harmful to the health of the human body. The epidemiological survey showed that there was a high correlation between the smoking behavior and the male fertility. The results showed that the sperm density in the semen decreased, the sperm motility was weakened, the sperm morphology was abnormal, and the in vitro fertilization was reduced. This phenomenon directly leads to a reduction in the fertility of male-smoking men, and even to the health of future generations. Many researchers have tried to find out why smoking behavior reduces male fertility, including comets electrophoresis, The method of the end-end labeling (TUNEL) of dUTP-biotin nick end-end labeling (TUNEL) and sperm chromosome structure analysis (SCSA), which is mediated by the terminal deoxynucleotiferase (TUNEL), has confirmed that smoking can lead to the breakage of the sperm DNA, the structural abnormality of the chromosome and the occurrence of the non-ploidy of the chromosome, It was also suggested that smoking would change the level of hormones in the serum, thus affecting the generation of sperm. In the male reproductive system, the testis is the main place of the generation of the sperm, and the epididymis is the main place for the maturation of the sperm. The two organs have a very important role in the quality of the sperm and the semen. Using the method of proteomics to observe the overall expression of the protein in the testis and the epididymis of the mouse after the cigarette smoke treatment, using the mouse smoking model established in advance in the laboratory. The function of these proteins, as well as their correlation to fertility, was analyzed by means of bioinformatics in order to find a protein that has a significantly different level of expression than that of the corresponding proteins in the epididymis of mice that have not been treated with cigarette smoke. A molecular machine that seeks to find the effect of cigarette smoke treatment on male fertility. Methods: Seven-week-old male C57/ BL6J mice were treated with cigarette smoke twice a day, one hour for each time and two weeks for the control group, and no cigarette smoke was used in the control group. fog treatment; after the treatment period, the mouse testis and the epididymis are taken, the total protein is respectively extracted for two-dimensional electrophoresis, and the two-way electricity of the relevant tissues of the mice in the treatment group and the control group is compared and selecting the protein point cut-off glue which has a significant difference in the expression level between the two proteins to carry out matrix-assisted laser desorption/ ionization time-of-flight mass spectrum analysis to identify the protein points which are represented by the protein points, The protein was randomly selected from the protein identified by mass spectrometry, and the trend of the expression of these proteins in the treatment group mice and the control group mouse-related tissues was validated using the Western-blotting method to determine the results of the two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry analysis. No reliable, at the same time, the transcription level of the genes corresponding to these proteins was detected in the corresponding organ using the Real-time PCR method to observe the level of transcription of these genes between the treatment group and the control group mice. The protein expressed in the testis of the mouse and the tissues of the epididymis tissues after the cigarette smoke treatment obtained by the two-dimensional electrophoresis and the mass spectrometry analysis is used for functional annotation by using the Blash2GO, and meanwhile, The biological process and the molecular function are based on the gene based on the two levels of the molecular function. Classification of the body theory. The pathways involved in these proteins were analyzed using the pathway analysis tool KEGG and IPA to identify the main pathways that were affected. Biological process. The downstream action marker of the identified pathway was tested at the tissue level using an immunohistochemical method to verify the pathway analysis. Results and speculations. The results of the study: Two-dimensional electrophoresis, we found that the expression level of more than 1000 protein points in the mouse testis and the epididymis tissues after the cigarette smoke treatment was different from that in the control group, and the expression level of 27 protein points in the testis tissue was different. at least 1.5 times, the expression level of 52 protein points in the epididymis tissue is more than 2 times, The expression level of the testis and the epididymis tissues of the mouse testis and the epididymis tissues after the cigarette smoke treatment were selected for mass spectrometry, and 27 protein spots in the testis and the epididymis tissues were respectively The level of expression can be used to represent 27 corresponding eggs. The expression level of the white matter was increased. In the mouse testis, the expression level of six proteins in the 27 proteins identified was up-regulated and the expression level of 21 proteins was down-regulated; in the epididymis of the mouse,12 of the 27 proteins identified were up-regulated,15 proteins The expression levels of 5 proteins and epididymis tissues from the testis were randomly selected. Western-blotting was used to analyze the two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. The results showed that the trend of the difference between the treatment group and the control group was basically the same as that of the two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry, and the two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry were considered. The result is reliable. The differential expression protein obtained by the two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry is uploaded to the IPA for path analysis, and found in the cigarette smoke. In the treated mouse's testis, the expression level was significantly different from that of the control group, and many of the proteins were able to interact directly or indirectly with the NF-antigen B, and the change trend of the expression level of the mice according to the pathway was able to inhibit the NF. -B expression or activation. The expression and activation of NF-EMAB was detected using an immunohistochemical method on the corresponding testis tissue sections using an antibody of the NF-B-B complex p65 subunit, confirming that the expression and activation of the NF-EMAB were compared to that of the Table of NF-NURB in the Germ Cells of the Mouse's Testicular Tissue after Cigarette Smoke Treatment in the Control Group Dup or activation has been inhibited. The expression and activation of the normal level of NF-B in these cells is of great importance to the normal proliferation of the maintenance germ cells and the differentiation of the sperm, and the cigarette smoke inhibits NF in these cells. -Expression and activation of the cell B, possibly by affecting the normal proliferation of the germ cells and the differentiation of the sperm The quality of the semen is affected. Similarly, the differential expression protein obtained by the two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrum analysis is uploaded to the KEGG for path analysis, and is found in the cigarette In the mouse epididymis after the smoke treatment, there was a significant difference in the expression level of the expression level in the control group, and the pathway with a significant difference in the protein concentration had a glutathione metabolism pathway and the endoplasmic reticulum-related degradation pathway (ERAD), and according to Blas2 GO's comments on these proteins, many of which are all related to the maintenance of the body The normal oxidation-reduction steady-state correlation. This result implies that the cigarette smoke treatment is small The presence of 8-OHdG was detected by an immunohistochemical method on the corresponding epididymis tissue sections using the specific marker 8-OHdG antiserum of oxidative stress. The results showed that the mouse epididymis after cigarette smoke treatment was in a lower level. In a severe oxidative stress state, oxidative stress can cause ERAD to influence the normal synthesis of the protein, and the results of the Real-time PCR show that the difference in the expression of the differentially expressed protein between the treatment group and the control group on the transcription level of the corresponding gene is not significant, and the difference trend and the protein The difference in the quality level is not consistent, which suggests that we may be the ERAD induced by oxidative stress The difference in the level of protein expression was noted. In addition, after the analysis of other proteins expressed in the testis and epididymis tissues of other mice treated with cigarette smoke, we found that many of them can Conclusion: The cigarette smoke treatment can lead to the change of the expression level of the protein in the two important reproductive organs of the mouse's testis and the epididymis. The normal proliferation of germ cells is associated with the differentiation of the sperm. In the epididymis, the generation of ERAD can be induced by oxidative stress, which affects the normal protein. The synthesis and further damage to the normal function of the epididymis. The effect of a protein with a significant difference in the expression of the other expresses the effect of the protein on the sperm, which ultimately reduces the quality of the sperm through these routes.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：上海交通大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號(hào)】：R114
本文編號(hào)：2509558
[Abstract]:The background and purpose of the study are that the smoke components of the cigarette are complex and many components can be harmful to the health of the human body. The epidemiological survey showed that there was a high correlation between the smoking behavior and the male fertility. The results showed that the sperm density in the semen decreased, the sperm motility was weakened, the sperm morphology was abnormal, and the in vitro fertilization was reduced. This phenomenon directly leads to a reduction in the fertility of male-smoking men, and even to the health of future generations. Many researchers have tried to find out why smoking behavior reduces male fertility, including comets electrophoresis, The method of the end-end labeling (TUNEL) of dUTP-biotin nick end-end labeling (TUNEL) and sperm chromosome structure analysis (SCSA), which is mediated by the terminal deoxynucleotiferase (TUNEL), has confirmed that smoking can lead to the breakage of the sperm DNA, the structural abnormality of the chromosome and the occurrence of the non-ploidy of the chromosome, It was also suggested that smoking would change the level of hormones in the serum, thus affecting the generation of sperm. In the male reproductive system, the testis is the main place of the generation of the sperm, and the epididymis is the main place for the maturation of the sperm. The two organs have a very important role in the quality of the sperm and the semen. Using the method of proteomics to observe the overall expression of the protein in the testis and the epididymis of the mouse after the cigarette smoke treatment, using the mouse smoking model established in advance in the laboratory. The function of these proteins, as well as their correlation to fertility, was analyzed by means of bioinformatics in order to find a protein that has a significantly different level of expression than that of the corresponding proteins in the epididymis of mice that have not been treated with cigarette smoke. A molecular machine that seeks to find the effect of cigarette smoke treatment on male fertility. Methods: Seven-week-old male C57/ BL6J mice were treated with cigarette smoke twice a day, one hour for each time and two weeks for the control group, and no cigarette smoke was used in the control group. fog treatment; after the treatment period, the mouse testis and the epididymis are taken, the total protein is respectively extracted for two-dimensional electrophoresis, and the two-way electricity of the relevant tissues of the mice in the treatment group and the control group is compared and selecting the protein point cut-off glue which has a significant difference in the expression level between the two proteins to carry out matrix-assisted laser desorption/ ionization time-of-flight mass spectrum analysis to identify the protein points which are represented by the protein points, The protein was randomly selected from the protein identified by mass spectrometry, and the trend of the expression of these proteins in the treatment group mice and the control group mouse-related tissues was validated using the Western-blotting method to determine the results of the two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry analysis. No reliable, at the same time, the transcription level of the genes corresponding to these proteins was detected in the corresponding organ using the Real-time PCR method to observe the level of transcription of these genes between the treatment group and the control group mice. The protein expressed in the testis of the mouse and the tissues of the epididymis tissues after the cigarette smoke treatment obtained by the two-dimensional electrophoresis and the mass spectrometry analysis is used for functional annotation by using the Blash2GO, and meanwhile, The biological process and the molecular function are based on the gene based on the two levels of the molecular function. Classification of the body theory. The pathways involved in these proteins were analyzed using the pathway analysis tool KEGG and IPA to identify the main pathways that were affected. Biological process. The downstream action marker of the identified pathway was tested at the tissue level using an immunohistochemical method to verify the pathway analysis. Results and speculations. The results of the study: Two-dimensional electrophoresis, we found that the expression level of more than 1000 protein points in the mouse testis and the epididymis tissues after the cigarette smoke treatment was different from that in the control group, and the expression level of 27 protein points in the testis tissue was different. at least 1.5 times, the expression level of 52 protein points in the epididymis tissue is more than 2 times, The expression level of the testis and the epididymis tissues of the mouse testis and the epididymis tissues after the cigarette smoke treatment were selected for mass spectrometry, and 27 protein spots in the testis and the epididymis tissues were respectively The level of expression can be used to represent 27 corresponding eggs. The expression level of the white matter was increased. In the mouse testis, the expression level of six proteins in the 27 proteins identified was up-regulated and the expression level of 21 proteins was down-regulated; in the epididymis of the mouse,12 of the 27 proteins identified were up-regulated,15 proteins The expression levels of 5 proteins and epididymis tissues from the testis were randomly selected. Western-blotting was used to analyze the two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. The results showed that the trend of the difference between the treatment group and the control group was basically the same as that of the two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry, and the two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry were considered. The result is reliable. The differential expression protein obtained by the two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry is uploaded to the IPA for path analysis, and found in the cigarette smoke. In the treated mouse's testis, the expression level was significantly different from that of the control group, and many of the proteins were able to interact directly or indirectly with the NF-antigen B, and the change trend of the expression level of the mice according to the pathway was able to inhibit the NF. -B expression or activation. The expression and activation of NF-EMAB was detected using an immunohistochemical method on the corresponding testis tissue sections using an antibody of the NF-B-B complex p65 subunit, confirming that the expression and activation of the NF-EMAB were compared to that of the Table of NF-NURB in the Germ Cells of the Mouse's Testicular Tissue after Cigarette Smoke Treatment in the Control Group Dup or activation has been inhibited. The expression and activation of the normal level of NF-B in these cells is of great importance to the normal proliferation of the maintenance germ cells and the differentiation of the sperm, and the cigarette smoke inhibits NF in these cells. -Expression and activation of the cell B, possibly by affecting the normal proliferation of the germ cells and the differentiation of the sperm The quality of the semen is affected. Similarly, the differential expression protein obtained by the two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrum analysis is uploaded to the KEGG for path analysis, and is found in the cigarette In the mouse epididymis after the smoke treatment, there was a significant difference in the expression level of the expression level in the control group, and the pathway with a significant difference in the protein concentration had a glutathione metabolism pathway and the endoplasmic reticulum-related degradation pathway (ERAD), and according to Blas2 GO's comments on these proteins, many of which are all related to the maintenance of the body The normal oxidation-reduction steady-state correlation. This result implies that the cigarette smoke treatment is small The presence of 8-OHdG was detected by an immunohistochemical method on the corresponding epididymis tissue sections using the specific marker 8-OHdG antiserum of oxidative stress. The results showed that the mouse epididymis after cigarette smoke treatment was in a lower level. In a severe oxidative stress state, oxidative stress can cause ERAD to influence the normal synthesis of the protein, and the results of the Real-time PCR show that the difference in the expression of the differentially expressed protein between the treatment group and the control group on the transcription level of the corresponding gene is not significant, and the difference trend and the protein The difference in the quality level is not consistent, which suggests that we may be the ERAD induced by oxidative stress The difference in the level of protein expression was noted. In addition, after the analysis of other proteins expressed in the testis and epididymis tissues of other mice treated with cigarette smoke, we found that many of them can Conclusion: The cigarette smoke treatment can lead to the change of the expression level of the protein in the two important reproductive organs of the mouse's testis and the epididymis. The normal proliferation of germ cells is associated with the differentiation of the sperm. In the epididymis, the generation of ERAD can be induced by oxidative stress, which affects the normal protein. The synthesis and further damage to the normal function of the epididymis. The effect of a protein with a significant difference in the expression of the other expresses the effect of the protein on the sperm, which ultimately reduces the quality of the sperm through these routes.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：上海交通大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號(hào)】：R114
【參考文獻(xiàn)】
相關(guān)期刊論文 前1條
1 古洪元;唐茂萍;方鵬;朱子玨;徐汪節(jié);王朝霞;王蓮蕓;喬中東;;香煙煙霧對(duì)雄性小鼠生育能力的影響[J];上海交通大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)版);2012年03期
本文編號(hào)：2509558
本文鏈接：http://sikaile.net/yixuelunwen/yufangyixuelunwen/2509558.html
最近更新
教材專著
