【摘要】：農(nóng)藥職業(yè)暴露風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估對(duì)保障農(nóng)藥施用者的人身安全起著舉足輕重的作用。國(guó)外對(duì)此研究較多而且建立了屬于他們自己的暴露模型。我國(guó)對(duì)于職業(yè)暴露風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的研究處于起步階段，缺乏足夠的數(shù)據(jù)支持，難以建立符合我國(guó)實(shí)情的暴露模型。因此本文以毒死蜱噴霧作業(yè)為例，采用全身整體取樣法研究了玉米田農(nóng)藥施用者的皮膚暴露劑量情況，建立了采樣媒介中毒死蜱含量的檢測(cè)方法，并采集了我國(guó)玉米田不同高度時(shí)期施藥場(chǎng)景下施藥者田間農(nóng)藥暴露的數(shù)據(jù)，歸納了田間施藥者農(nóng)藥暴露量及分布情況。主要研究?jī)?nèi)容以及結(jié)果如下： 1建立了毒死蜱的暴露量檢測(cè)方法并進(jìn)行了驗(yàn)證。采用GC-FPD檢測(cè)施藥者采樣媒介中毒死蜱含量。毒死蜱的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線為y=20.14x（R2=1），在0.01～100.00μg/mL之間成線性且線性相關(guān)性較好。LOD和LOQ分別為0.01μg/mL和0.05μg/mL。采樣媒介防護(hù)服的添加回收率在83.52%～99.30%之間，平均添加回收率大于89.25%，RSD均小于5.34%；手套的添加回收率在94.29%～117.81%之間，平均添加回收率大于102.91%，RSD均小于7.09%；活性炭的添加回收率在73.62%～96.74%之間，平均添加回收率大于77.71%，RSD均小于10.20%。三種采樣媒介的添加回收率和RSD符合試驗(yàn)要求。 2研究了毒死蜱在采樣媒介中的穩(wěn)定性，結(jié)果表明，在田間試驗(yàn)結(jié)束后，將采集的樣品運(yùn)輸回實(shí)驗(yàn)室，不會(huì)影響樣品的實(shí)驗(yàn)分析結(jié)果。試驗(yàn)樣品在常溫（25℃左右）放置48h毒死蜱在采樣媒介中穩(wěn)定存在，在4℃下放置7d毒死蜱在采樣媒介中穩(wěn)定存在，在冷凍（18℃）條件下放置180d毒死蜱在采樣媒介中穩(wěn)定存在，三種存放條件下都不會(huì)影響樣品的實(shí)驗(yàn)分析結(jié)果。因此，本實(shí)驗(yàn)可以在田間采集樣品，運(yùn)輸?shù)綄?shí)驗(yàn)室，可以放置在冷凍條件下儲(chǔ)存180d，預(yù)處理中的樣品可以暫時(shí)存放在4℃冰箱中，7d之內(nèi)處理完畢即可。正在處理中的樣品在常溫下48h之內(nèi)處理完畢即可。以上規(guī)定時(shí)間內(nèi)，均不會(huì)影響樣品檢測(cè)結(jié)果。 3采用全身整體取樣法研究了玉米植株不同高度時(shí)期噴藥施藥者身體各部位暴露量情況。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，玉米高度為58.8cm時(shí)，內(nèi)、外防護(hù)服平均暴露總量分別為4.233μg/g和26.873μg/g，，外防護(hù)服暴露量較大部位是外左、右小腿，達(dá)到了102.236和97.361μg/g，內(nèi)防護(hù)服暴露量較大部位是內(nèi)小腿和襪子，內(nèi)、外防護(hù)服暴露量較大部位都是集中在身體下半部位。玉米高度為105.9cm時(shí)，內(nèi)、外防護(hù)服平均暴露總量分別為23.387μg/g和102.991μg/g，外防護(hù)服暴露量最大部位除了小腿外，小臂和手套也暴露量也較大，內(nèi)防護(hù)服暴露量最大部位除了襪子和小腿外，手套和大腿暴露量也很大。玉米高度為173.6cm時(shí)，內(nèi)、外防護(hù)服平均暴露總量分別為15.097μg/g和116.680μg/g，外防護(hù)服中暴露量最嚴(yán)重部位較多集中在身體中部偏上部位，如小臂、上臂和手套，內(nèi)防護(hù)服中暴露量最嚴(yán)重部位也較多集中在身體中部偏上部位，如小臂、手套和大腿。 隨著玉米高度由58.8cm到173.6cm，內(nèi)、外防護(hù)服暴露量較大部位發(fā)生遷移，由身體下半部位遷移到身體上半部位，玉米高度為58.8cm時(shí)施藥者暴露量身體右側(cè)比左側(cè)大，玉米高度為105.9cm和173.6cm時(shí)左右兩側(cè)差異不明顯。 4在玉米田施藥時(shí)施藥者應(yīng)注意加強(qiáng)自身防護(hù)，當(dāng)玉米高度較低時(shí)，注意身體下半身、右側(cè)的防護(hù)，隨著玉米高度的增加，防護(hù)區(qū)域擴(kuò)增到上半身，左右兩側(cè)都需要防護(hù)，噴藥時(shí)盡量避免皮膚與葉片上藥液的直接接觸。背部是與施藥器械直接接觸區(qū)域，而且噴霧器口部靠近人體頭部，要注意選擇性能良好的噴霧器，避免發(fā)生農(nóng)藥藥液濺灑。此外要養(yǎng)成科學(xué)的噴藥習(xí)慣，施藥時(shí)最好天氣晴朗。
[Abstract]:The risk assessment of pesticide occupational exposure plays an important role in ensuring the personal safety of the application of the pesticide. There are more studies abroad and a model of exposure to them is established. Our country's research on the risk of occupational exposure is at the beginning stage, lacking sufficient data support, and it is difficult to establish the exposure model which is in conformity with the reality of our country. In this paper, a whole body sampling method is used to study the skin exposure dose of the pesticide in the corn field, and the detection method of the content of the poison in the sampling medium is established. The data of pesticide exposure in the field of pesticide application in different height of corn field in China were collected, and the exposure and distribution of the pesticide in the field were summarized. The main contents and results are as follows: 1. The method for detecting the exposure of the drug-dead body was established and the test was carried out. Use of GC-FPD to detect the content of poison in the sample medium of the applicator The standard curve of the poison-dead body is y = 20.14 x (R2 = 1), linear and linear correlation between 0.01 and 100.00. m u.g/ mL Good. LOD and LOQ were 0.01. mu.g/ mL and 0.05. mu.g/ m, respectively. L. The recovery rate of the protective clothing of the sampling media is 83.52% ~ 99.30%, the average recovery rate is greater than 89.25%, the RSD is less than 5.34%, the recovery rate of the gloves is 94.29% ~ 117.81%, the average addition recovery rate is greater than 102.91%, the RSD is less than 7.09%, and the recovery rate of active carbon is 73.62% ~ 96.74%. The average recovery rate was greater than 77.71% and the RSD was less than 10.20. %. The addition recovery and RSD of the three sampling media are in accordance with the test The stability of the drug in the sampling medium is studied. The results show that after the field test is over, the collected samples can be transported back to the laboratory without affecting the sample's experimental scores. The results of the analysis were as follows: The test samples were placed at room temperature (about 25 鈩

本文編號(hào)：2488200