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高滲對細胞輻射敏感性影響及其機制的研究

發(fā)布時間:2018-06-23 00:26

  本文選題:高滲 + 輻射敏感性 ; 參考:《第二軍醫(yī)大學(xué)》2014年碩士論文


【摘要】:滲透壓是機體內(nèi)環(huán)境的重要組成部分,滲透壓的平衡對于維持機體正常生理功能至關(guān)重要,因為滲透壓是維持細胞體積的重要因素,同時還能影響機體的內(nèi)環(huán)境的離子濃度[4]。正常情況下,機體滲透壓維持在300mOsm左右,該滲透濃度稱為等滲,低于300mOsm稱為低滲,而高于300mOsm則稱為高滲。雖然等滲對維持機體生理功能非常重要,但是滲透壓失衡,尤其是發(fā)生高滲的暴露也是生物界中一種常見的現(xiàn)象[4]。例如許多的組織器官如腎小管,其周圍滲透壓可到達400mOsmol[5];人員在高溫高濕條件下進行高強度作業(yè)可發(fā)生高滲性的脫水[11];還有自然界中許多生物生活在高鹽高滲的海洋環(huán)境中。這些都說明滲透壓作為一種常見的環(huán)境因素與地球上的生命活動息息相關(guān)。 電離輻射敏感性(radiation sensitivity)可用來描述輻射效應(yīng)發(fā)生的速度和嚴重程度。影響輻射敏感性的環(huán)境因素很多,比如氧含量[1]、溫度[2]、NO濃度[3]等等,這些因素的改變可直接或間接的影響電離輻射對機體的效應(yīng),而隨著研究的深入,也有越來越多的環(huán)境因素被發(fā)現(xiàn)與電離輻射敏感性相關(guān)。但到目前為止,卻未見有關(guān)滲透壓與電離輻射敏感性關(guān)系的報道。那么,滲透壓作為一種常見的環(huán)境因素,它的改變是否也能影響電離輻射對機體的效應(yīng)呢? 事實上,滲透壓的改變對細胞的影響已經(jīng)有了很多的研究。滲透壓的改變可導(dǎo)致細胞的體積發(fā)生變化,而細胞的許多信號分子位于細胞膜上,細胞的體積變化可擾動膜上的信號分子,導(dǎo)致細胞內(nèi)下游的信號通路發(fā)生改變。這些信號通路中很多是與細胞凋亡、存活相關(guān)(圖1)。而電離輻射對細胞的最重要的效應(yīng)是引起凋亡,這就提示了細胞周圍滲透壓環(huán)境的改變與電離輻射敏感性之間存在相關(guān)分子基礎(chǔ)的可能性。2010年的《JBC》雜志上報道一個研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)阻滯細胞在凋亡過程中體積的減小可阻止凋亡的發(fā)生。這說明細胞體積的改變與凋亡具有某種內(nèi)在聯(lián)系。而更進一步的證據(jù)則來自于2008年《Apoptosis》上的一篇報道[9]。該研究發(fā)現(xiàn)提前高滲預(yù)處理細胞可減輕STS對細胞的毒性作用,降低細胞的凋亡率。這一發(fā)現(xiàn)更加提示我們滲透壓的改變影響電離輻射敏感性的可能性。 圖1:滲透壓改變對細胞信號通路的影響 基于以上的假設(shè),我們開展了滲透壓對于細胞電離輻射敏感性的研究。因為滲透壓的改變最常見的是高滲的發(fā)生,因此本課題主要圍繞著高滲環(huán)境對細胞的電離輻射敏感性影響而開展。本課題主體上分為兩個部分(圖2),一部分為效應(yīng)研究,另一部分為機制研究。效應(yīng)研究上通過檢測細胞活力、增殖、凋亡、DNA損傷等指標系統(tǒng)評價高滲對于細胞電離輻射敏感性的影響,并在多種細胞中和不同溶質(zhì)類型的高滲溶液下確證這一效應(yīng)的普遍性。機制研究主要著眼于下游相關(guān)的信號通路和ROS水平的檢測。通過以上的研究,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)高滲溶液的預(yù)處理可增加細胞照后的活力,減輕照射對細胞造成的增殖抑制、凋亡、DNA損傷;高滲可引起細胞發(fā)生調(diào)節(jié)性體積(RVI)導(dǎo)致K+內(nèi)流增加,促進Akt1磷酸化,促使IκB-α降解,同時還可減少細胞內(nèi)ROS含量。綜上,我們得出結(jié)論高滲可減輕細胞電離輻射敏感性,這種效應(yīng)是通過高滲引起細胞RVI,促進K+內(nèi)流進而激活A(yù)kt1,使得其下游的NF-κB釋放入核,最終促進細胞的照后存活而實現(xiàn)的。 圖2:技術(shù)路線 研究內(nèi)容: 1、L-O2細胞、HVUEC細胞、AHH-1細胞照射劑量與細胞活力關(guān)系曲線 (1)選取L-O2細胞,HUVEC細胞,AHH-1細胞通過檢測細胞活力和凋亡率繪制不同照射劑量下細胞輻射敏感性的關(guān)系曲線為下一步實驗選取合適照射劑量提供依據(jù)。 2、高滲對細胞輻射敏感性的影響 (1)用CCK-8法檢測不同滲透壓NaCl溶液經(jīng)不同預(yù)處理時間對L-O2細胞輻射后細胞活力影響。 (2)CCK-8法檢測高滲NaCl溶液對不同細胞(L-O2細胞、HVUEC細胞)電離輻射后細胞活力影響。 (3)克隆形成實驗檢測高滲NaCl溶液對L-O2細胞電離輻射后細胞增殖的影響。 (4)流式細胞儀和Hoechst33342檢測高滲NaCl溶液對AHH-1細胞電離輻射后凋亡的影響。 (5)彗星實驗檢測高滲NaCl溶液對AHH-1細胞電離輻射后DNA損傷的影響。 (6)CCK-8法檢測不同溶質(zhì)類型高滲溶液對L-O2細胞照后細胞活力的影響。 3、高滲對Akt1激活的影響 (1)等滲/高滲NaCl溶液預(yù)處理AHH-1細胞,不同時間點提取蛋白,Western blot檢測其中Akt1/p-Akt表達的情況 4、高滲導(dǎo)致的細胞調(diào)節(jié)性體積增加(RVI)與Akt1激活的關(guān)系 (1)將AHH-1細胞用高滲NaCl溶液處理,記錄1h之內(nèi)其體積的變化,并繪制變化曲線。 (2)用陽離子通道(HICC)阻滯劑氟芬那酸(FFA)作用于細胞,然后檢測細胞體積的變化和Akt1的激活情況。 (3)用FFA處理細胞,檢測其FFA是否能阻斷高滲減輕細胞輻射敏感性的作用。 5、K+內(nèi)流與細胞輻射敏感性之間的關(guān)系 (1)運用K+通道阻滯劑格列苯脲和開放劑吡那地爾作用于L-O2、AHH-1細胞,通過檢測照后細胞活力、凋亡、增殖、DNA損傷等情況研究K+內(nèi)流對細胞輻射敏感性的影響。 (2)檢測K+通道阻滯劑格列苯脲和開放劑吡那地爾對AHH-1細胞Akt1激活的影響。 6、高滲對細胞內(nèi)ROS水平的影響 (1)用DHE探針檢測等滲/高滲以及格列苯脲對細胞照后ROS水平的影響。 實驗結(jié)果: 1、L-O2細胞、HVUEC細胞、AHH-1細胞照射劑量與輻射敏感性關(guān)系 (1)通過檢測L-O2細胞、HUVEC細胞和AHH-1細胞不同照射劑量下細胞活力及凋亡的情況,繪制出照射劑量-活力關(guān)系曲線,選取出合適的實驗照射劑量(L-O2細胞為8Gy;AHH-1細胞為6Gy) 2、高滲減輕細胞輻射敏感性 (1)用CCK-8法檢測不同滲透壓NaCl溶液經(jīng)不同預(yù)處理時間對L-O2細胞照射后細胞活力影響,發(fā)現(xiàn)短時間的高滲預(yù)處理(60min以內(nèi))與等滲組比較,可增加照后細胞活力,該效應(yīng)在其他細胞(HUVEC、A549)中也存在。 (2)克隆形成實驗發(fā)現(xiàn)高滲組比等滲組照后克隆形成率高,說明高滲NaCl溶液預(yù)處理能減輕輻射對L-O2細胞的增殖抑制作用。 (3)流式細胞檢測和Hoechst33342檢測AHH-1細胞6Gy照后24小時凋亡情況,結(jié)果顯示高滲預(yù)處理相比等滲處理組,能減少細胞照射后的凋亡。 (6)彗星實驗結(jié)果顯示:高滲處理可減輕細胞照射后DNA的損傷。 (7)CCK-8法檢測不同溶質(zhì)類型高滲對細胞輻射敏感性影響,結(jié)果顯示NaCl、KCl、蔗糖配制的高滲溶液均具有降低L-O2細胞輻射敏感性的作用。 3、高滲激活A(yù)kt1,增加p-Akt的表達 (1)用高滲NaCl溶液(500mOsm)孵育AHH-1細胞,分別于0、10、20、30、60min時間點收集細胞,提取蛋白,最通過Wertern blot檢測Akt1、p-Akt(308)、IκB-α的表達差異。結(jié)果顯示p-Akt(308)在60min內(nèi)隨時間變化而呈現(xiàn)表達增加的趨勢,到60min時表達量最高;IκB-α則隨時間點增加呈表達降低的趨勢,60min時達到最低;Akt1表達量沒有明顯變化 4、高滲溶液通過細胞調(diào)節(jié)性體積增加(RVI)機制激活A(yù)kt1 (1)CASY-TT計數(shù)儀檢測AHH-1細胞在等滲/高滲下細胞體積的變化,繪制出變化曲線,顯示等滲NaCl處理條件下,AHH-1細胞體積沒有發(fā)生明顯的改變,而在高滲NaCl溶液中細胞體積立即減小,在1min時減到最小值,此后隨著時間增加體積逐漸恢復(fù),到20min時恢復(fù)到接近等滲狀態(tài)下體積,證明高滲引起細胞RVI。 (2)檢測細胞體積變化與Akt1激活的關(guān)系,結(jié)果顯示隨時間推移p-Akt(308)表達呈增加趨勢。運用HICC阻滯劑FFA,其阻滯高滲條件下AHH-1細胞RVI的過程,同時也阻滯了高滲激活A(yù)kt1的作用。 (3)用FFA合并高滲處理細胞,發(fā)現(xiàn)FFA可阻滯高滲減輕細胞輻射敏感性的作用。 5、RVI引起K+內(nèi)流進而激活A(yù)kt1,從而減輕細胞電離輻射敏感性 (1)K+通道阻滯劑格列苯脲阻滯了K+通道,減輕細胞電離輻射敏感性,而K+通道開放劑增加了電離輻射敏感性。 (2)K+通道阻滯劑格列苯脲可激活A(yù)HH-1細胞Akt1,,導(dǎo)致p-Akt(308)表達增多,而開放劑吡那地爾則阻滯了Akt1的激活。 6、高滲減少細胞內(nèi)ROS水平 (1)用DHE探針檢測等滲/高滲以及格列苯脲對細胞照后ROS水平的影響。結(jié)果顯示等滲未照射組,細胞紅色熒光下可見較清晰細胞染色形態(tài);照射組紅色熒光下則未能顯示細胞形態(tài),且熒光多集中于細胞核,說明照射后細胞ROS增多,但高滲與格列苯脲處理組較等滲組熒光強度小,說明高滲預(yù)處理和格列苯脲預(yù)處理可使照射后L-O2細胞內(nèi)ROS減少。 討論分析: 穩(wěn)定的滲透壓是維持機體內(nèi)環(huán)境平衡的重要條件[1]。機體的滲透壓常維持在290mOsm~300mOsm之間,當(dāng)中很少發(fā)生較大的變動。但是機體有一部分組織器官可常暴露于高滲條件之下,比如腎髓質(zhì)腎小管,因為要維持濃縮尿液的作用,腎小管周圍的尿素、NaCl濃度隨著向髓質(zhì)的靠近而不斷增高[5]。因此,髓質(zhì)腎小管的內(nèi)皮細胞可長期處于高滲之中。此外,一些哺乳動物可因適應(yīng)環(huán)境的需要,體內(nèi)滲透壓并不一定維持在等滲,比如駱駝[6]其血漿的滲透壓可高達400mOsm。還有一些生物,尤其是海洋生物[7],其長期生活在深海環(huán)境,經(jīng)過億萬年的進化,已經(jīng)很好適應(yīng)了海水的高滲條件。從這些情況可見,高滲環(huán)境的暴露是生物界常見的現(xiàn)象,也是機體內(nèi)滲透壓變化的常見結(jié)果。 電離輻射敏感性的影響因素多年來已經(jīng)有很多研究,包括乏氧[1]、溫度[2]、NO濃度[3]等等。但滲透壓對于電離輻射的影響卻鮮有報道。事實上,高滲作為生物界一種常見的理化環(huán)境,其合并電離輻射的情況也時有發(fā)生,比如人員在勞動作業(yè)時,受環(huán)境溫度以及勞動強度影響可發(fā)生高滲性脫水[11],導(dǎo)致體內(nèi)細胞外液滲透壓大于310mOsmol/kg,而這在核潛艇中人員作業(yè)時更易發(fā)生。在病理情況下,許多疾病患者如肝癌患者可因為肝臟功能障礙從而使得體內(nèi)滲透壓產(chǎn)生失衡,這種情況下患者如合并放療會產(chǎn)生何種影響,也是臨床治療中需待解決的問題。除此之外,電離輻射對可造成細胞DNA斷裂、細胞凋亡、周期阻滯。而高滲作為一種強烈的應(yīng)激對細胞的影響與電離輻射類似,因此,兩者之間是否有聯(lián)系,尤其是對細胞凋亡是否能相互影響或調(diào)控,也是值得深入探討的問題。很有意義的一個工作是Tomohiro Numata等[9]2008年報道高滲預(yù)處理細胞,可減少十字孢堿引起的凋亡。這種效應(yīng)是通過陽離子通道(HICC)激活實現(xiàn)的。該通道激活可以引起陽離子的內(nèi)流(主要是K+離子),而內(nèi)流的陽離子可能參與到細胞的凋亡調(diào)控中,激活一些促進細胞存活的蛋白如Hsp70等[13],從而能降低十字孢堿的細胞毒作用。這一研究結(jié)果為我們提供了很好的借鑒,既然高滲預(yù)處理能減少藥物對細胞的毒性作用,那是否也能減輕電離輻射對于細胞的損傷?因此,本研究以高滲對細胞輻射敏感性的影響為著眼點,系統(tǒng)(不同細胞、不同溶質(zhì)類型高滲溶液)研究兩者之間的相互關(guān)系及其機制。 研究結(jié)果顯示:高滲溶液短時間預(yù)處理細胞可減輕電離輻射對細胞的損傷。其作用機制是通過高滲引起細胞調(diào)節(jié)性細胞體積增加(RVI),進而引起K+內(nèi)流,而內(nèi)流的K+激活了Akt1,IkB-α降解,Nf-kB釋放入核,轉(zhuǎn)錄相關(guān)基因,促進細胞存活。同時,內(nèi)流的K+還可以減輕ROS水平,減少其對細胞的損傷。
[Abstract]:osmotic pressure is an important part of the internal environment of the organism , and the balance of osmotic pressure is essential for maintaining the normal physiological function of the organism , because the osmotic pressure is an important factor to maintain the cell volume , and can also influence the ionic concentration of the internal environment of the organism . Under normal conditions , the osmotic pressure of the organism is maintained around 300mOsm , which is called isosmotic , below 300mOsm is called hypotonic , while higher than 300mOsm is called hyperosmotic . Although isosmosis is very important to maintain physiological function of organism , osmotic pressure imbalance , especially the exposure to hyperosmosis , is a common phenomenon in the biological community . For example , many tissue organs , such as renal tubules , have a peripheral osmotic pressure of up to 400 mlt ; l & gt ; l & lt ; 1 & gt ; l & lt ; 1 & gt ; l ;
Under high temperature and high humidity conditions , the high - permeability dehydration of water can occur in 11 DEG C .
There are also many living organisms living in high - salt and high - permeability marine environments . These indicate that osmotic pressure is a common environmental factor that is closely linked to life activities on Earth .

Radiation sensitivity can be used to describe the speed and severity of radiation effect . The environmental factors affecting radiation sensitivity are many , such as oxygen content , temperature , NO concentration , and so on . The changes of these factors can directly or indirectly affect the effect of ionizing radiation on the organism . However , there are more and more environmental factors that have been found to be related to the sensitivity of ionizing radiation .

In fact , changes in osmotic pressure have made a lot of studies on the effect of osmotic pressure on cells . Changes in osmotic pressure can cause changes in the volume of cells . Many of these signaling molecules are located on the cell membranes . The most important effect of ionizing radiation on cells is the possibility of a correlation between changes in cell volume and susceptibility to ionizing radiation . This finding suggests that early hyperosmotic pretreatment cells can reduce the toxicity of STS to cells and decrease the apoptosis rate of cells . This finding suggests that the change of osmotic pressure affects the susceptibility to ionizing radiation .

Figure 1 : Effect of osmotic pressure changes on cell signaling pathways

Based on the above assumptions , we conducted a study on the susceptibility of osmotic pressure to ionizing radiation of cells . Because of the most common changes in osmotic pressure , the effects of hyperosmosis on the susceptibility to ionizing radiation of cells were studied .
In conclusion , it is concluded that hyperosmotic can reduce the susceptibility to ionizing radiation in cells , which can reduce the intracellular ROS content . In conclusion , we conclude that high permeability can reduce the susceptibility to ionizing radiation in cells . This effect is achieved by high permeability to induce cell RVI , promote K + influx and activate Akt1 , so that the downstream NF - 魏B is released into the nucleus and finally promotes the survival of the cells .

Figure 2 : Technical Route

Study Content :

1 , L - O2 cell , HVUEC cell , AHH - 1 cell irradiation dose and cell viability relationship curve

( 1 ) selecting L - O2 cells , HUVEC cells and AHH - 1 cells to draw the relation curve of cell radiation sensitivity at different irradiation doses by detecting cell viability and apoptosis rate , and selecting the appropriate irradiation dose according to the next step .

2 . Effect of Hypertonic on Cell Radiation Sensitivity

( 1 ) Using CCK - 8 method to detect the effect of different osmotic pressure NaCl solution on the cell viability after irradiation with different pretreatment time on L - O2 cells .

( 2 ) CCK - 8 method was used to detect the effect of NaCl solution on cell viability after ionizing radiation in different cells ( L - O2 cells , HVUEC cells ) .

( 3 ) The effect of high osmotic NaCl solution on the proliferation of L - O2 cells after ionizing radiation was investigated .

( 4 ) Flow cytometry and hoechst 33342 were used to detect the effect of NaCl solution on the apoptosis of AHH - 1 cells after ionizing radiation .

( 5 ) The effect of high osmotic NaCl solution on DNA damage after AHH - 1 cell ionizing radiation was detected by comet assay .

( 6 ) CCK - 8 method was used to detect the effect of different solute types on cell viability after irradiation with L - O2 .

3 . Effect of Hypertonic on Akt1 Activation

( 1 ) The AHH - 1 cells were pretreated with isosmotic / hyperosmotic NaCl solution , and protein was extracted at different time points . Western blot was used to detect the expression of Akt1 / p -

4 . Relationship between cell regulatory volume increase ( RVI ) and Akt1 activation induced by hyperosmosis

( 1 ) The AHH - 1 cells were treated with a highly osmotic NaCl solution and the volume changes were recorded within 1 h , and the curve was plotted .

( 2 ) A cationic channel ( HICC ) blocker flufenamic acid ( FFA ) was used to act on the cell , and then the change of cell volume and the activation of Akt1 were detected .

( 3 ) FFA was used to treat the cells and detect whether FFA could block the radiosensitivity of the cells .

5 . Relationship between K + influx and cell radiation sensitivity

( 1 ) The effect of K + influx on cell radiation sensitivity was studied by means of K + channel blocker and open dose of piraridil on L - O2 and AHH - 1 cells .

( 2 ) To examine the effect of K + channel blocker glyburide and open dose piazir on the activation of AHH - 1 cell Akt1 .

6 . Effect of Hypertonic on the Level of ROS in Cells

( 1 ) Using DHE probe to detect the effects of isosmotic / hyperosmotic and glimepiride on post - cell ROS level .

Experimental results :

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