發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-06-18 22:05

  本文選題：環(huán)境鉛 + 鎘污染��； 參考：《華中科技大學(xué)》2012年碩士論文

【摘要】：第一部分：環(huán)境鉛、鎘污染健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)體系研究 目的：建立環(huán)境鉛、鎘污染健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)體系，為風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估方法及風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估模型奠定基礎(chǔ)，為風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理提供理論依據(jù)。 方法：采用文獻(xiàn)評(píng)閱、現(xiàn)有資料整理分析、小組討論等方法構(gòu)建指標(biāo)體系框架，使用德爾菲法與專家會(huì)議法相結(jié)合構(gòu)建指標(biāo)體系的內(nèi)容，采用小組討論法對(duì)指標(biāo)體系進(jìn)一步修正和完善。 結(jié)果：（1）指標(biāo)體系的框架：結(jié)合健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)的定義和步驟，以及指標(biāo)體系的構(gòu)建原則，將環(huán)境鉛、鎘污染健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)體系劃分為三個(gè)指標(biāo)群：污染源指標(biāo)、污染暴露指標(biāo)和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)表征指標(biāo)；（2）指標(biāo)體系的設(shè)置：通過文獻(xiàn)學(xué)習(xí)和小組討論初步構(gòu)建了指標(biāo)體系，其中鉛37項(xiàng)指標(biāo)，鎘42項(xiàng)指標(biāo)；（3）德爾菲咨詢專家構(gòu)成：主要來自流行病學(xué)、環(huán)境衛(wèi)生學(xué)、衛(wèi)生行政管理等領(lǐng)域，其中所有專家均具有副高及以上職稱，，85%的專家的專業(yè)年限在20年以上；（4）指標(biāo)篩選結(jié)果：兩輪德爾菲咨詢的專家積極系數(shù)分別為92%和88%，其中78%的專家對(duì)指標(biāo)體系提出了修改意見，表明專家對(duì)本研究比較支持和關(guān)心；專家對(duì)指標(biāo)的熟悉程度和權(quán)威程度均在0.8以上，說明咨詢專家的結(jié)果具有權(quán)威性；兩輪咨詢專家意見協(xié)調(diào)系數(shù)較好，可信度較高；最終環(huán)境鉛、鎘污染健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)體系各有三個(gè)指標(biāo)群，各有30項(xiàng)指標(biāo)。 結(jié)論：（1）建立指標(biāo)體系的方法較為科學(xué)，所提出的指標(biāo)體系可作為環(huán)境鉛、鎘污染健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)的基本指標(biāo)；（2）環(huán)境鎘污染健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)相對(duì)重要性排名前五位的指標(biāo)依次是：尿鎘、生活飲用水鎘濃度、尿β2微球蛋白、農(nóng)田土壤鎘濃度、主要食品中鎘濃度；（3）目前的指標(biāo)體系僅基于文獻(xiàn)研究和專家咨詢，指標(biāo)體系的完善需在實(shí)踐中摸索和驗(yàn)證。 第二部分：實(shí)證研究——基于流行病學(xué)調(diào)查對(duì)環(huán)境鎘污染健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)體系的驗(yàn)證 目的：通過對(duì)Y市鎘污染區(qū)人群環(huán)境流行病學(xué)的調(diào)查和實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢測(cè)，分析和驗(yàn)證環(huán)境鎘污染健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)指標(biāo)體系是否科學(xué)合理，以進(jìn)一步完善指標(biāo)體系。 方法：土壤、農(nóng)作物、飲用水樣品按照《現(xiàn)代衛(wèi)生檢驗(yàn)》的要求，對(duì)布點(diǎn)、現(xiàn)場(chǎng)采樣、樣品制備、分析測(cè)試、數(shù)據(jù)處理等環(huán)節(jié)進(jìn)行全程序質(zhì)量控制。人群流行病學(xué)調(diào)查按統(tǒng)一培訓(xùn)、統(tǒng)一調(diào)查方法、調(diào)查表核查、數(shù)據(jù)逐條校對(duì)等環(huán)節(jié)進(jìn)行全程質(zhì)量控制。調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)分析采用SPSS18.0軟件。 結(jié)果:（1）指標(biāo)體系的驗(yàn)證結(jié)果：①污染源指標(biāo)顯示：冶煉廠周邊村落農(nóng)田土壤、地表水存在鎘污染，觀察組的土壤、地表水鎘濃度高于對(duì)照組（p0.05）；②污染暴露指標(biāo)顯示：人體鎘來源主要通過食物（大米、蔬菜）攝入途徑，觀察組人均鎘每日攝入量為0.0049mg/kg.d，對(duì)照組人均鎘每日攝入量為0.0029mg/kg.d；③風(fēng)險(xiǎn)表征指標(biāo)顯示：觀察組人群尿鎘、尿β2微球蛋白、尿NAG酶平均水平均高于對(duì)照組（p0.05），觀察組人群的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)指數(shù)HI高于對(duì)照組（p0.05），人群骨密度隨著尿鎘水平的升高有下降趨勢(shì)；（2）對(duì)指標(biāo)進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證顯示，尿鎘負(fù)荷與土壤鎘濃度、食物鎘濃度存在劑量-反應(yīng)關(guān)系（p0.05）；距污染源距離越近、居住時(shí)間越長，人群尿鎘負(fù)荷越高（p0.05）；尿鎘與尿β2微球蛋白、尿NAG酶具有相關(guān)性（p0.05）。 結(jié)論：環(huán)境鎘污染健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)最具有代表意義的指標(biāo)為：尿鎘、尿β2微球蛋白、尿NAG酶、主要食物鎘濃度、飲用水鎘濃度、農(nóng)田土壤鎘濃度、地表水鎘濃度、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)指數(shù)HI。通過實(shí)證研究，顯示這些指標(biāo)確能反映環(huán)境鎘污染人群健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的實(shí)際現(xiàn)狀，對(duì)相關(guān)的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)研究工作有一定的指導(dǎo)意義，也可為相關(guān)部門作出決策時(shí)參考。
[Abstract]:Part I: health risk assessment index system for environmental lead and cadmium pollution
Objective: to establish a health risk assessment index system for environmental lead and cadmium pollution, and to lay the foundation for risk assessment and risk assessment model, and provide a theoretical basis for risk management.
Methods: the index system framework was constructed by literature review, existing data sorting and analysis, group discussion and so on. The index system was constructed by combining Delphy Fa with expert meeting method, and the index system was further amended and perfected by group discussion.
Results: (1) the framework of index system: combining the definition and steps of health risk assessment and the construction principle of index system, the index system of environmental lead and cadmium pollution health risk assessment is divided into three index groups: pollution source index, pollution exposure index and risk characterization index; (2) setting of index system: through literature learning and The group discussed the preliminary establishment of the index system, of which 37 indicators of lead, 42 indicators of cadmium, and (3) Delphy consultants were composed mainly from the fields of epidemiology, environmental hygiene, health administration and so on. All the experts had the secondary and above titles, and 85% of the specialists were more than 20 years of professional life; (4) screening results: (4) The positive coefficients of the two rounds of Delphy consultations were 92% and 88%, respectively, of which 78% of the experts made an amendment to the index system, indicating that experts were more supportive and concerned about the research; the experts' familiarity with the indicators and the authority of the experts were more than 0.8, indicating the authority of the consultative experts; two rounds of consultative experts' opinions. The health index system of environmental lead and cadmium pollution has three index groups, each with 30 indicators.
Conclusion: (1) the method of establishing the index system is more scientific. The index system proposed can be used as the basic index of the health risk assessment of environmental lead and cadmium pollution. (2) the index of the relative importance of environmental cadmium pollution health risk assessment index in the top five ranks are urine cadmium, the concentration of cadmium in drinking water, urinary beta 2 microglobulin, and cadmium in farmland soil. Concentration, the concentration of cadmium in major foods; (3) the current index system is based solely on literature research and expert consultation, and the perfection of the index system needs to be explored and verified in practice.
The second part: Empirical Research -- Verification of environmental risk assessment index system of cadmium pollution based on epidemiological investigation.
Objective: to analyze and verify whether the environmental cadmium pollution health risk index system is scientific and reasonable, and to further improve the index system through the investigation of environmental epidemiology and laboratory testing of the population of cadmium polluted areas in Y city.
Methods: the samples of soil, crops and drinking water were in accordance with the requirements of modern health inspection. The whole program quality control was carried out on cloth point, field sampling, sample preparation, analysis test, data processing and so on. SPSS18.0 software is used for statistical analysis of survey data.
Results: (1) the verification results of the index system: (1) the pollution source index showed that there was cadmium pollution in the surface water of the village farmland around the smelter, the soil of the observation group was higher than the control group (P0.05), and the index of pollution exposure showed that the cadmium source of the human body was mainly through food (rice, vegetable) intake, and the per capita cadmium in the observation group was observed. Daily intake was 0.0049mg/kg.d, and the daily intake of cadmium in the control group was 0.0029mg/kg.d, and the index of risk characterization showed that the urine cadmium, urinary beta 2 microglobulin and urinary NAG enzyme were higher in the observation group than those in the control group (P0.05), and the risk index of the observation group was higher than that in the control group (P0.05), and the bone mineral density in the crowd was increased with the increase of urine cadmium level. There was a downward trend; (2) further verification of the indicators showed that there was a dose response relationship between cadmium concentration in urine and soil cadmium concentration, and the concentration of cadmium in food (P0.05); the nearer the distance from the source of pollution, the longer the residence time was, the higher the burden of urine cadmium (P0.05), and the correlation between urine cadmium and urinary beta 2 microspheres white egg white, and the correlation between NAG enzyme in urine (P0.05).
Conclusion: the most representative indicators of environmental cadmium pollution health risk assessment are: urine cadmium, urine beta 2 microglobulin, urinary NAG enzyme, main food and cadmium concentration, cadmium concentration in drinking water, soil cadmium concentration in farmland, surface water and cadmium concentration, risk index HI. through empirical study, showing that these indicators can reflect the health risk of environmental cadmium polluted population indeed. The current situation has some guiding significance for relevant field research work, and it can also be used for reference by relevant departments in making decisions.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華中科技大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：X820.4;R12

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