發(fā)布時間：2018-06-06 17:12

  本文選題：蔬菜 + 重金屬　； 參考：《長江大學》2016年碩士論文

【摘要】：蔬菜質(zhì)量安全直接關(guān)系到人體健康,其重金屬污染問題,已成為人們關(guān)注的熱點。由于重金屬在土壤-作物-人體系統(tǒng)中的遷移轉(zhuǎn)化受重金屬種類、土壤理化性質(zhì)及其他環(huán)境因素的綜合影響,環(huán)境中的重金屬總量并不能真實反映作物中的重金屬總量,更不能代表最終被人體吸收的含量。目前國內(nèi)對重金屬在蔬菜-人體之間的遷移轉(zhuǎn)化(即重金屬的生物可給性)報道較少,國際上現(xiàn)多采用體外模擬方法進行重金屬生物可給性的研究。為科學評價重金屬在土壤-蔬菜-人體途徑中的遷移轉(zhuǎn)化過程及對人體健康的潛在風險,本研究首先對廣州市不同行政區(qū)內(nèi)主要蔬菜批發(fā)市場春季的4類8種市售蔬菜中重金屬進行分析,了解其污染特征并進行健康風險評價；然后以土壤-蔬菜-人體為基線,通過盆栽實驗對重金屬Cd在土壤-油麥菜及土壤-空心菜系統(tǒng)中遷移轉(zhuǎn)化的影響因素進行研究,并采用體外胃腸模擬法對盆栽蔬菜地上部進行重金屬生物可給性的健康風險研究。主要研究結(jié)論如下：(1)8種蔬菜中Cu與Zn的含量均遠低于食品衛(wèi)生標準限值；8種蔬菜中Cr的超標率比較高,高達91.67%；Pb超標蔬菜包括萵苣、絲瓜、番茄和胡蘿卜,超標率高達35.71%,以胡蘿卜超標最為嚴重；Cd超標的蔬菜只有番茄,超標率達31.25%；Ni超標的蔬菜包括油麥菜、空心菜與菜心,超標率最高為8.33%。蔬菜中重金屬綜合污染程度表現(xiàn)為葉菜類肉質(zhì)根類莖類菜茄果類；8種蔬菜污染程度為：空心菜、油麥菜、菜心、白蘿卜和胡蘿卜均處于警戒級,而萵苣、絲瓜和番茄則屬于安全級別,可見所檢測的蔬菜樣品均處于安全和尚清潔的污染程度。(2)健康風險評估表明,廣州市居民中日常多食用空心菜、菜心和油麥菜的人群重金屬累積的健康風險較高,且經(jīng)膳食攝入重金屬Cr對人體健康可能會造成危害,Cd對人體具有潛在的健康風險。經(jīng)口攝入蔬菜重金屬對兒童可能造成的暴露風險要高于成年人。(3)組配施加0.6%的生物腐植肥與0.3%的硅酸鈉對2種土壤中Cd的鈍化效果最佳,油麥菜土與空心菜土中Cd的降幅分別高達7.44%、56.86%；單施生物腐植肥或硅酸鈉對土壤中Cd具有一定的鈍化效果,但效果不顯著且因作物種類不同而有差異。(4)添加不同處理的硅酸鈉與生物腐植肥后,土壤中Cd形態(tài)產(chǎn)生了變化,且土壤pH、有機質(zhì)、CEC、AP、NH4+N、AK、ASi均是影響土壤Cd形態(tài)的因素。單施生物腐植肥可降低土壤中弱酸提取態(tài)-Cd、可還原態(tài)-Cd含量,降幅分別達14.49%、8.80%,并增加可氧化態(tài)-Cd、殘渣態(tài)-Cd含量,增幅分別達26.50%、27.90%。單施硅酸鈉時,可降低油麥菜土中弱酸提取態(tài)-Cd含量,降幅達8.41%,2種土壤中可還原態(tài)-Cd含量均隨硅酸鈉施加量的增加而降低,降幅達26.85%,而殘渣態(tài)-Cd含量則顯著增多,增幅高達141.62%。生物腐植肥與硅酸鈉的組配施加,均可降低土壤中Cd的活性,且效果優(yōu)于單一施加。(5)單施生物腐植肥的處理可促進蔬菜的生長,并顯著增高油麥菜與空心菜的株高與地上部干生物量：2種蔬菜的株高較對照組(CK)隨生物腐植肥施加量的加大而顯著增高,增幅高達6.34%；地上部干生物量的增幅高達39.08%。單施硅酸鈉的處理對2種蔬菜的生長具有一定的抑制作用：2種蔬菜株高與地上部干生物量均低于對照組(CK),株高降幅達15.66%,油麥菜干生物量隨硅酸鈉施加量加大而略有上升,而空心菜干生物量則隨硅酸鈉的施加量加大而顯著降低,最大降幅為68.32%。組配處理中0.6%的生物腐植肥與0.3%的硅酸鈉的處理對2種蔬菜株高的增高效果最好,優(yōu)于SF2處理,對2種蔬菜地上部干生物量效果優(yōu)于其他2種組配處理,但不及SF2處理。(6)油麥菜和空心菜地上部Cd含量均小于地下部Cd含量,表現(xiàn)為根莖葉,說明2種蔬菜對Cd的富集能力均不強。所有處理均可起到抑制油麥菜與空心菜對Cd進行吸收的作用,且0.6%的生物腐植肥與0.3%的硅酸鈉組配處理能顯著降低油麥菜地下部Cd含量至最低,降幅為44.04%,而0.6%的生物腐植肥與0.6%的硅酸鈉處理則能顯著降低空心菜地上部Cd含量至最低,降幅為68.32%。相關(guān)性分析表明：影響油麥菜和空心菜中Cd含量的主要因素是土壤中可還原態(tài)-Cd與可氧化態(tài)-Cd含量。(7)不同處理下的2種蔬菜胃階段的Cd生物可給性均高于小腸階段Cd的生物可給性,表現(xiàn)為：油麥菜胃階段Cd的生物可給性在4.44%-6.52%之間,小腸階段Cd的生物可給性在0.69%-2.92%之間；空心菜胃階段Cd的生物可給性在4.83%-15.20%之間,小腸階段Cd的生物可給性在1.36%-7.21%之間。相關(guān)性分析表明：弱酸提取態(tài)-Cd、可還原態(tài)-Cd是蔬菜Cd生物可給性的主要貢獻者。2種蔬菜中Cd的潛在健康風險評價表明：0.6%的生物腐植肥與0.3%的硅酸鈉的組配處理后,空心菜的致癌風險和非致癌風險較其他處理最��；小腸階段的致癌風險CR、非致癌風險HQ均低于胃階段的結(jié)果；腸階段HQ值都遠小于1、CR值均超出可接受范圍,說明攝取油麥菜與空心菜不會對人體帶來非致癌危害,但可能會對成人和兒童帶來潛在致癌風險,且對成人的危害高于兒童。綜上所述,0.6%的生物腐植肥與0.3%的硅酸鈉這一組配處理在改善土壤理化性質(zhì)、促進蔬菜生長、抑制蔬菜對重金屬Cd的吸收及降低蔬菜中Cd被人體吸收后的健康風險等方面,均具有較好的效果,可視為試驗研究中最佳的修復方式。
[Abstract]:The quality and safety of vegetables are directly related to human health, and the pollution of heavy metals has become a hot topic of concern. The transfer and transformation of heavy metals in the soil crop human system are affected by the types of heavy metals, the physical and chemical properties of soil and other environmental factors, and the total amount of heavy metals in the environment can not truly reflect the crops. The total amount of heavy metals can not represent the content that is absorbed by the human body. At present, there are few reports on the migration and transformation of heavy metals between vegetables and human beings (that is, bioavailability of heavy metals). In the world, the research on the availability of heavy metals by the method of extracorporeal simulation is used in the world. In this study, the heavy metals in 4 kinds of 8 kinds of vegetables sold in the main vegetable wholesale markets in different administrative districts of Guangzhou were analyzed in this study to understand the pollution characteristics and evaluate the health risk. Then the soil vegetable human body was used as the baseline and the pot experiment was used. The influence factors of migration and transformation of metal Cd in soil - oil and wheat and soil - cabbage system were studied, and the health risk of heavy metals in the upper part of potted vegetable was studied in vitro. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) the content of Cu and Zn in 8 vegetables is far below the limit of food hygiene standards; The exceeding standard rate of Cr in the 8 vegetables was high, up to 91.67%, and the super standard vegetables including lettuce, silk gourd, tomato and carrot were up to 35.71%, the highest rate of exceeding standard was carrot, the only vegetables with Cd exceeding the standard were tomato, the rate of exceeding the standard was 31.25%, and the exceeding standard of Ni included the vegetable, the cabbage and the heart, the highest rate was the medium weight of 8.33%. vegetables. The degree of the comprehensive pollution of the metal is the carrot and vegetable, and the 8 kinds of vegetable pollution are: empty cabbage, oil and wheat, cabbage, white radish and carrot, while lettuce, towel gourd and tomato are in safety level, and the detected vegetable samples are in the level of safety and clean pollution. (2) health The risk assessment shows that the health risk of heavy metals accumulation in the people of Guangzhou city is high, and the heavy metal Cr can cause harm to human health. Cd has potential health risks to the human body. The exposure risk of heavy metals to children by oral intake of vegetables and vegetables is required. Higher than adults. (3) the effect of 0.6% biological humoral fertilizer and 0.3% sodium silicate on the passivation of Cd in 2 soils was best, and the decrease of Cd was 7.44%, 56.86%, respectively. Single application of biological humoral fertilizer or sodium silicate had a certain blunt effect on Cd in the soil, but the effect was not significant and the variety of crops was different. There were differences. (4) after adding different treatments of sodium silicate and biological humoral fertilizer, the morphology of Cd in the soil changed, and soil pH, organic matter, CEC, AP, NH4+N, AK, ASi were all factors affecting the soil Cd morphology. Single application of biological humoral fertilizer could reduce the extraction state -Cd and reducible -Cd content of the soil, which was 14.49%, 8.80%, and increased, respectively. Oxidation state -Cd, residue state -Cd content, the increase of 26.50%, 27.90%. single application of sodium silicate, can reduce the weak acid extracted state -Cd content in the oil and wheat vegetable soil, the decrease of 8.41%, the 2 kinds of soil reducible -Cd content decreased with the increase of sodium silicate, the decrease of 26.85%, and the residue -Cd content increased significantly, up to 141.62%. raw. The effect of soil humic plant fertilizer and sodium silicate can reduce the activity of Cd in the soil, and the effect is better than single application. (5) the treatment of single application of biological humoral fertilizer can promote the growth of vegetables, and significantly increase the plant height and upper dry biomass of the vegetable and cabbage. The height of the 2 vegetable plant height is higher than the control group (CK). Large and significant increase was increased by 6.34%, and the increase of dry biomass up to 39.08%. single application of sodium silicate could inhibit the growth of 2 vegetables. The height of 2 vegetable plants and the aboveground biomass were lower than that of the control group (CK), and the height of plant height was 15.66%. The dry biomass of oil and wheat was slightly increased with the amount of sodium silicate. There was a rise, while the dry biomass of the cabbage decreased significantly with the increase of the amount of sodium silicate. The maximum decrease was that the treatment of 0.6% biological humic fertilizer and 0.3% sodium silicate in the 68.32%. group had the best effect on the height of 2 vegetable plants, superior to the SF2 treatment, and the effect of the dry biomass on the upper part of the 2 vegetable fields was better than the other 2 groups. Less than SF2 treatment. (6) the content of Cd in the upper part of the oil and wheat and cabbage is less than the Cd content in the underground, which shows the root and stem leaves, which shows that the enrichment ability of the 2 vegetables is not strong. All treatments can inhibit the absorption of Cd by the vegetable and the cabbage, and the treatment of 0.6% biological humoral and 0.3% sodium silicate can be significantly reduced. The lower Cd content in the lower part of the vegetable field was the lowest, the decrease was 44.04%, while the 0.6% biological humoral fertilizer and 0.6% sodium silicate could significantly reduce the Cd content in the upper part of the cabbage, and the decrease was 68.32%. correlation analysis. The main factors affecting the Cd content in the vegetable and the cabbage were the reducible -Cd and the oxidizable -Cd content in the soil. (7) the Cd bioavailability of the 2 vegetable gastric stages under different treatments is higher than the bioavailability of Cd in the small intestinal stage, which shows that the bioavailability of Cd in the stomach stage of the wheat and wheat is between 4.44%-6.52%, and the bioavailability of Cd in the small intestine stage is between 0.69%-2.92%; the bioavailability of Cd in the stomach stage of the cabbage is between 4.83%-15.20% and small intestine. The bioavailability of phase Cd was between 1.36%-7.21%. The correlation analysis showed that the weak acid extracted state -Cd, the reducible -Cd was the main contributor to the Cd bioavailability of vegetable Cd, the potential health risk assessment of Cd in.2 vegetables showed that the carcinogenic risk and non carcinogenesis of 0.6% biological humoral fertilizer and 0.3% sodium silicate were found. The risk of the intestinal cancer risk CR and the non carcinogenic risk HQ are lower than the results of the gastric stage; the HQ value of the intestinal stage is far less than 1, and the CR values are all beyond the acceptable range, indicating that the intake of oil, wheat and cabbage will not cause non carcinogenic harm to the human body, but it may bring potential carcinogenic risk to adults and children, and it may be possible The harm of human is higher than that of children. To sum up, 0.6% biological humoral fertilizer and 0.3% sodium silicate have good effects on improving soil physical and chemical properties, promoting vegetable growth, inhibiting the absorption of heavy metal Cd and reducing the health risk of Cd absorbed by human body in vegetables, which can be considered as the best in the experimental study. The way to repair it.
【學位授予單位】：長江大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：S63;R155.54

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