發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-05-29 21:31

  本文選題：PM2.5 + 化學(xué)組成�。� 參考：《山西醫(yī)科大學(xué)》2013年碩士論文

【摘要】：第一部分：太原市交通相關(guān)PM2.5化學(xué)組成及來(lái)源解析 目的：研究太原市冬季和春季兩個(gè)季節(jié)交通路口和室內(nèi)PM2.5的污染特征；定量描述PM2.5的化學(xué)組成及微觀特征；運(yùn)用不同的源解析方法探究PM2.5的主要來(lái)源 方法：用質(zhì)量法和在線檢測(cè)法測(cè)定研究地點(diǎn)的PM2.5濃度；應(yīng)用石墨爐原子吸收法、原子熒光法檢測(cè)研究地點(diǎn)PM2.5中的無(wú)機(jī)元素；應(yīng)用離子色譜法檢測(cè)研究地點(diǎn)PM2.5中的離子成分；應(yīng)用高效液相色譜法檢測(cè)研究地點(diǎn)PM2.5中的多環(huán)芳烴；應(yīng)用SEM-EDX法測(cè)量研究地點(diǎn)單個(gè)PM2.5的形態(tài)及能譜。并應(yīng)用富集因子法、比值法及因子分析法等多元統(tǒng)計(jì)方法對(duì)其來(lái)源進(jìn)行解析。 結(jié)果：1、研究地點(diǎn)PM2.5濃度分別是冬季(市區(qū))路口(160.69±121.5)μg/m3春季(市區(qū))路口(132.5±29.11)μg/m3春季(市區(qū)CDC)室內(nèi)(99.72±.24.17)μg/m3春季(郊區(qū))路口(55.4±.29.38)μg/m3。除了春季(郊區(qū))路口低于PM2.5國(guó)家最新二級(jí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)75μg/m3,其它均高于我國(guó)空氣質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。 2、研究地點(diǎn)PM2.5中12種無(wú)機(jī)元素約占PM2.5質(zhì)量比為20.42%-35.70%；富集因子分析元素主要分為地殼源元素(K、Na、Ca、Mg)和人為源元素(Zn、Pb、As、Hg, Ni、Cd);因子分析結(jié)果表明交通來(lái)源、煤炭燃燒源和自然源土壤塵是太原市PM2.5中無(wú)機(jī)元素的主要來(lái)源。 3、研究地點(diǎn)PM2.5中四種陰離子中SO42-濃度最高,其他依次為Cl-NO3-F-,比值法源解析結(jié)果表明太原市PM2.5中水溶性離子主要為煤炭燃燒源。 4、研究地點(diǎn)PM2.5中13種PAHs占PM2.5的質(zhì)量比約為0.21%-0.55%。PAHs中BaP含量除春季郊區(qū)低于國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)外,其他均超標(biāo),冬季超標(biāo)尤為嚴(yán)重；比值法和因子分析法結(jié)果均表明交通污染源和煤炭燃燒源是太原市PM2.5中PAHs的主要來(lái)源。 5、使用高分辨率的場(chǎng)發(fā)射掃描電子顯微鏡和EDX能譜分析系統(tǒng)對(duì)PM2.5樣品進(jìn)行微觀形貌特征及成分分析,確定出PM2.5主要由含碳顆粒、初級(jí)礦物塵顆粒、反應(yīng)礦物塵顆粒等組成。分別來(lái)源于交通污染源、煤炭燃燒源和自然源土壤塵。 結(jié)論1、太原市的PM2.5污染比較嚴(yán)重。 2、太原市的PM2.5主要來(lái)源是煤炭燃燒源、交通污染源和自然源三大類。 第二部分：太原市交通相關(guān)PM2.5的暴露對(duì)人群心肺功能的影響 目的：評(píng)價(jià)太原市交通警察和疾病預(yù)防控制中心(CDC)工作人員工作環(huán)境PM2.5暴露水平,研究工作環(huán)境PM2.5暴露與人群肺功能和心血管功能的關(guān)系。 方法：選擇59名外勤交通警察(暴露組)、29名疾病預(yù)防控制中心工作人員(對(duì)照組)為研究對(duì)象,對(duì)研究對(duì)象進(jìn)行問(wèn)卷調(diào)查搜集人群的基本情況,應(yīng)用環(huán)境監(jiān)測(cè)和時(shí)間-活動(dòng)日記相結(jié)合的方法連續(xù)采樣一周,計(jì)算研究對(duì)象工作時(shí)間內(nèi)PM2.5暴露劑量和潛在暴露劑量。用高效液相色譜法檢測(cè)兩組人群工作環(huán)境中的芘和尿中1-OHPy的水平。于環(huán)境檢測(cè)一周結(jié)束后,檢測(cè)肺功能、心血管功能。 結(jié)果：1、交通警察工作交通路口的PM2.5濃度(132±49)μg/m3大于CDC辦公室內(nèi)PM2.5濃度(99.72±.24.17)μg/m3,差別有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)(P0.05)；8小時(shí)工作時(shí)間內(nèi)交通警察的暴露劑量、潛在暴露劑量分別為(1.06±0.23)mg和(1.69±0.37)mg也大于CDC工作人員(0.798±0.19)mg和(0.798±0.19)mg(P0.05)；交通警察工作環(huán)境PM2.5中芘濃度(7.08±2.95)ng/m3大于CDC工作人員工作環(huán)境PM2.5中芘濃度(3.67±0.99)ng/m3,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P0.01)；交通警察尿中1-OHPy濃度(0.28±0.15)umol/molCr大于CDC工作人員尿中1-OHPy濃度(0.19±0.18)umol/molCr,差別有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P0.05)。 2、男性交通警察最大呼出流速(PEF)和FEV1.0/FVC%分別為(4.70±0.28L/s)和(0.82±0.03)低于男性CDC工作人員(6.53±0.41L/s)和(0.92±0.02),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P0.01)；男性交通警察FEW1.0實(shí)測(cè)值/FEV1.0預(yù)計(jì)值%和PEF實(shí)測(cè)值/PEF預(yù)計(jì)值%異常率分別為(31.5%)、(36.8%)比CDC男性工作人員異常率(12.5%)、(15.4%)增高,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P0.05)。 3、交通警察組收縮壓{男(132.10±12.58)}、{女(122.43±18.83)}均高于CDC工作人員組的收縮壓{男(120.75±20.16)}、{女(111.54±13.03)},差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P0.01)；男性交通警察的脈壓差(41.43±10.6)高于CDC男性工作人員(36.13±=11.39),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P0.01)；男性交通警察的血壓異常率(47.37%)和心電圖異常率(28.95%)高于CDC男性人員的血壓異常率(25.00%)和心電圖異常率(18.75%),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P0.05)。 結(jié)論：交通警察工作環(huán)境的PM2.5濃度高于CDC工作人員室內(nèi)工作環(huán)境中的PM2.5濃度；PM2.5濃度的增高可能使人群肺通氣功能下降；PM2.5濃度的增高可使人群心血管功能異常率增加。
[Abstract]:Part 1: chemical composition and source apportionment of PM2.5 related to traffic in Taiyuan
Objective: To study the pollution characteristics of traffic junctions and indoor PM2.5 in two seasons in winter and spring in Taiyuan, and to quantitatively describe the chemical and microscopic characteristics of PM2.5, and to explore the main sources of PM2.5 by different source analysis methods.
Methods: the concentration of PM2.5 in the study site was measured by mass spectrometry and on-line detection. The inorganic elements in the study site PM2.5 were detected by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry and atomic fluorescence spectrometry. The ionic components in the study site PM2.5 were detected by ion chromatography, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the study site PM2.5 were detected by high performance liquid chromatography. The SEM-EDX method was used to measure the morphology and energy spectrum of single PM2.5 in the study site, and the sources were analyzed with the enrichment factor method, ratio method and factor analysis method.
Results: 1, the concentration of PM2.5 in the study site was in winter (160.69 + 121.5) in the spring (132.5 + 29.11) in the spring (132.5 + 29.11) in the spring (99.72 +.24.17) in the spring (99.72 +.24.17) in the spring (55.4 +.29.38) mu g/m3. except for the spring (suburb) intersection which was lower than the new two level of PM2.5 national standard 75 micron g/m3, and the other were higher than that of me. National air quality standard.
2, the 12 inorganic elements in the study site PM2.5 accounted for about the PM2.5 mass ratio of 20.42%-35.70%, and the enrichment factor analysis elements were mainly divided into the crustal source elements (K, Na, Ca, Mg) and human source elements (Zn, Pb, As, Hg, Ni). The factor analysis showed that the source of traffic, the coal combustion source and the natural source soil dust were the main inorganic elements in Taiyuan. Source.
3, among the four kinds of anions in the study site, the concentration of SO42- is the highest, and the other is Cl-NO3-F- in turn. The result of the ratio method source analysis shows that the water-soluble ions in Taiyuan PM2.5 are mainly coal combustion sources.
4, the mass ratio of 13 kinds of PAHs to PM2.5 in the study site PM2.5 is about the BaP content in 0.21%-0.55%.PAHs except in the spring suburb which is lower than the national standard, and the other all exceed the standard in the winter. The ratio method and the factor analysis result all show that the source of traffic pollution and the coal combustion source are the main sources of PAHs in PM2.5 in Taiyuan.
5, using high resolution field emission scanning electron microscope and EDX spectrum analysis system, the micromorphology and composition analysis of PM2.5 samples are carried out, and PM2.5 is determined mainly by carbon containing particles, primary mineral dust particles and reacting mineral dust particles, which are derived from traffic pollution sources, coal combustion sources and natural source soil dust, respectively.
Conclusion 1, the pollution of PM2.5 in Taiyuan is more serious.
2, the main sources of PM2.5 in Taiyuan are three types of coal combustion sources, traffic pollution sources and natural sources.
The second part: the influence of traffic related PM2.5 exposure on cardiopulmonary function in Taiyuan.
Objective: To evaluate the level of PM2.5 exposure in the work environment of Taiyuan traffic police and disease prevention and control center (CDC), and to study the relationship between PM2.5 exposure and pulmonary function and cardiovascular function in the working environment.
Methods: 59 field traffic police (exposure group) and 29 disease prevention and control center staff (control group) were selected as the research object. The basic situation of the population was collected by questionnaire survey. The method of combining environmental monitoring and time activity diary combined with the method of continuous sampling for one week was used to calculate the PM2.5 storm in the work time. The exposure dose and potential exposure dose were used to detect the levels of pyrene and urine 1-OHPy in the working environment of two groups of people by high performance liquid chromatography. After the end of the week, the lung function and cardiovascular function were detected.
Results: 1, the PM2.5 concentration (132 + 49) mu g/m3 of traffic police working traffic was greater than that in CDC Office (99.72 +.24.17) mu g/m3, and the difference was statistically significant (P0.05); the exposure dose of traffic police during the 8 hour working time was (1.06 + 0.23) Mg and (1.69 + 0.37) mg more than the CDC workers (0.798 + 0.19) mg. And (0.798 + 0.19) Mg (P0.05); the concentration of pyrene (7.08 + 2.95) in traffic police working environment (7.08 + 2.95) ng/m3 was greater than that of CDC workers' working environment PM2.5 (3.67 + 0.99) ng/m3, and the difference was statistically significant (P0.01); the concentration of 1-OHPy (0.28 + 0.15) umol/molCr in traffic police urine was greater than that of CDC workers (0.19 + 0.18). Cr, the difference was statistically significant (P0.05).
2, the maximum exhaled flow rate (PEF) and FEV1.0/FVC% of male traffic police (4.70 + 0.28L/s) and (0.82 + 0.03) were lower than that of male CDC staff (6.53 + 0.41L/s) and (0.92 + 0.02), and the difference was statistically significant (P0.01); the abnormal rate of FEW1.0 measured / FEV1.0 expected and PEF measured by male traffic policemen was (31.5%) (36.8%), respectively (36.8%). The abnormal rate of male workers was significantly higher than that of CDC (12.5%), (15.4%), and the difference was statistically significant (P0.05).
3, the systolic pressure {male (132.10 + 12.58)} and {(122.43 + 18.83)} of the traffic police group were higher than those of the CDC staff group (120.75 + 20.16)} and {(111.54 + 13.03)}, and the difference was statistically significant (P0.01); the pulse pressure difference of male traffic policemen was higher than that of CDC male staff (36.13 + =11.39), and the difference was statistically significant (P0.01). The abnormal rate of blood pressure (47.37%) and the rate of abnormal electrocardiogram (28.95%) of male traffic police were higher than that of CDC men (25%) and the rate of abnormal electrocardiogram (18.75%), and the difference was statistically significant (P0.05).
Conclusion: the concentration of PM2.5 in the working environment of traffic police is higher than that of the PM2.5 concentration in the working environment of CDC staff. The increase of PM2.5 concentration may decrease the pulmonary ventilation function of the population, and the increase of PM2.5 concentration can increase the abnormal rate of cardiovascular function in the crowd.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山西醫(yī)科大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號(hào)】：R128

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