本文選題：鎘 + 大米�。� 參考：《重慶醫(yī)科大學(xué)》2015年碩士論文

【摘要】：目的：經(jīng)濟(jì)的快速發(fā)展造成各種自然因素和人為因素導(dǎo)致的重金屬污染愈加嚴(yán)重。鎘是有毒非必需重金屬元素之一,尤其是對(duì)某些遭受到鎘暴露的環(huán)境或工作中的人群,危害更加嚴(yán)重。土壤中的鎘會(huì)蓄積在農(nóng)作物中,并且通過(guò)食物鏈對(duì)人類健康造成嚴(yán)重威脅。鎘由于自身的特性,易于蓄積在大米中。各地鎘污染事件已經(jīng)引起了全球廣泛關(guān)注。大米是重慶市當(dāng)?shù)鼐用裰饕澄?所以大米成為當(dāng)?shù)鼐用耧嬍虫k暴露的主要來(lái)源。本文檢測(cè)重慶市本地產(chǎn)大米中鎘含量,分析檢測(cè)數(shù)據(jù),了解重慶市本地產(chǎn)大米鎘含量水平,并對(duì)重慶市居民來(lái)自大米的鎘膳食暴露所帶來(lái)的健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià),提出控制食品中鎘含量的措施,為當(dāng)?shù)厥称钒踩O(jiān)管提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。方法：重慶市按行政區(qū)域劃分為四個(gè)地區(qū)(主城區(qū)、“一圈”內(nèi)其它區(qū)縣、渝東北、渝東南),從2013年11月到2014年5月間對(duì)重慶市所有產(chǎn)大米區(qū)縣進(jìn)行隨機(jī)抽樣,每月各地區(qū)抽樣數(shù)量為：主城區(qū)(1個(gè))、“一圈”內(nèi)其它區(qū)縣(2個(gè))、渝東北(2個(gè))、渝東南(1個(gè)),七個(gè)月來(lái)所抽查大米樣品覆蓋全市34個(gè)區(qū)縣,將所抽查區(qū)縣的大米加工廠全部納入,每個(gè)加工廠每次抽取時(shí)按照國(guó)家規(guī)范抽取當(dāng)?shù)厮a(chǎn)大米4份。采集的大米樣品按照國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)GB/T5009-2003將樣品進(jìn)行前處理、微波消解儀進(jìn)行樣品消解,使用石墨爐原子吸收光譜儀,采用石墨爐原子吸收光譜法對(duì)重慶本地產(chǎn)大米鎘含量進(jìn)行檢測(cè),標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線和加標(biāo)回收率均需要符合實(shí)驗(yàn)要求,將大米鎘含量使用健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估模型,對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)夭煌貐^(qū)居民進(jìn)行健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估,這些檢測(cè)的最終結(jié)果進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)處理,統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。結(jié)果：①共檢測(cè)大米樣品1020份,檢測(cè)值范圍為0.001～0.231 mg/kg,平均值0,025 mg/kg,處于較低水平,鎘含量超標(biāo)數(shù)有7份,總合格率為99.31%；②鎘含量頻數(shù)分布表明鎘含量大多數(shù)處于0～0.040mg/kg區(qū)間內(nèi),此區(qū)間范圍內(nèi)樣品構(gòu)成比為88.04%,高于鎘含量限值(0.2mg/kg)樣品構(gòu)成比僅為0.69%,超標(biāo)數(shù)較少,表明大多數(shù)樣品鎘含量處于較低范圍；③觀察不同區(qū)縣間大米鎘含量,各地區(qū)間鎘含量均值較低,平均值范圍為0.012 mg/kg～0.047mg/kg,潼南縣、彭水縣和大足區(qū)發(fā)現(xiàn)少數(shù)樣品有鎘超標(biāo)情況,但超標(biāo)率較低,其余31個(gè)區(qū)縣大米鎘含量均在規(guī)定限值內(nèi)。比較潼南縣、彭水縣和大足區(qū)大米鎘含量的平均數(shù)和中位數(shù),三地區(qū)中位數(shù)值均明顯低于平均值。不同區(qū)縣鎘含量差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(H=112.56,P0.01),不同區(qū)縣鎘超標(biāo)率也存在差異(X 2=71.50,P0.01);④觀察不同區(qū)域問(wèn)大米鎘含量,四區(qū)域間鎘含量有差異(H=22.60,P0.01),主城區(qū)和渝東北地區(qū)均無(wú)鎘超標(biāo)情況,渝東南地區(qū)鎘超標(biāo)率最高,與主城區(qū)和“一圈內(nèi)”其它區(qū)縣地區(qū)相比無(wú)差異(X 2=2.79、1.74,P0.05),高于渝東北地區(qū)(X 2=12.93,P0.01);⑤評(píng)估重慶市當(dāng)?shù)鼐用翊竺祖k暴露健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn),本地產(chǎn)大米鎘日攝入量(DI)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)小于允許限值72ug/(mg·天),出現(xiàn)了極少量大米樣品DI超標(biāo)現(xiàn)象,但各區(qū)縣鎘平均值DI均在限值內(nèi)。本地產(chǎn)大米鎘目標(biāo)危險(xiǎn)系數(shù)(THQ)也遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)小于允許限值1,也出現(xiàn)極少量大米樣品THQ超標(biāo)現(xiàn)象,但各區(qū)縣鎘平均值的THQ也均在安全水平內(nèi)。結(jié)論：本次重慶市本地產(chǎn)大米鎘含量檢測(cè)合格率較高,總體鎘含量水平較低,鎘暴露風(fēng)險(xiǎn)低,當(dāng)?shù)鼐用駚?lái)源于大米的鎘攝入水平處于安全范圍,大米鎘暴露對(duì)人體尚不能構(gòu)成威脅。各地區(qū)間的鎘含量水平有差異,原因可能是各區(qū)縣之間不同的土壤環(huán)境或者實(shí)驗(yàn)人為因素造成,也可能是季節(jié)性原因和有限的樣本數(shù)量,所以只能代表當(dāng)時(shí)抽樣時(shí)當(dāng)?shù)厮a(chǎn)大米的鎘水平,具體原因還需進(jìn)一步調(diào)查,建議以后開展各地區(qū)的農(nóng)田土壤檢測(cè)工作,從根源處了解當(dāng)?shù)刂亟饘傥廴厩闆r。
[Abstract]:Objective: the rapid development of the economy causes the heavy metal pollution caused by various natural and human factors. Cadmium is one of the toxic and non essential heavy metals, especially for some people in the environment or work exposed to cadmium. The cadmium in the soil will be stored in the crops and through the food chain. Human health is a serious threat to human health. Cadmium is easily accumulated in rice because of its own characteristics. Cadmium pollution in various places has aroused widespread concern around the world. Rice is the main food of local residents in Chongqing, so rice has become the main source of cadmium exposure in local residents. This paper examined the content of cadmium in rice produced in Chongqing and analyzed the analysis of cadmium. Test data, understand the level of local rice and cadmium content in Chongqing, and evaluate the health risks of Chongqing residents from the cadmium dietary exposure from rice, put forward measures to control the content of cadmium in food, and provide scientific basis for the local food safety supervision. Method: Chongqing city is divided into four regions according to the Administrative Region (main city area, " A circle of other districts and counties, Northeast Chongqing, Southeast Chongqing, from November 2013 to May 2014, all rice districts and counties in Chongqing were randomly sampled, and the sample number in each region was: the main city area (1), "one circle" in other districts and counties (2), Northeast Chongqing (2), Southeast Chongqing (1), and seven months for the sampling of rice samples to cover 34 districts of the city. In the county, the rice processing plants in the district and county are all included, and each processing plant extracts 4 parts of the local rice according to the national standard each time. The samples are processed in accordance with the national standard GB/T5009-2003, the microwave digestion instrument is dissolved, the graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer is used, the graphite furnace atom is used. The CD content of rice produced in Chongqing was detected by absorption spectrometry. The standard curve and the recovery rate of the added standard need to meet the requirements of the experiment. The health risk assessment model of rice and cadmium was used to assess the health risk of the residents in different locals. The final results of these tests were processed and analyzed. Results: (1) the results were analyzed. 1020 samples of rice were measured, the detection range was 0.001 ~ 0.231 mg/kg, the average value was 0025 mg/kg, at a lower level, the cadmium content exceeded the standard number 7, the total qualified rate was 99.31%, and the cadmium content frequency distribution showed that the cadmium content was in the 0 ~ 0.040mg/kg interval, and the sample composition ratio within this range was 88.04%, higher than the cadmium content limit value (0.2mg /kg) the composition ratio is only 0.69%, and the number of super standard is less. It shows that the content of cadmium in most samples is in a lower range. (3) to observe the content of cadmium in different districts and counties, the mean value of cadmium in each region is low, the average range is 0.012 mg/kg to 0.047mg/kg, and a few samples in Tongnan County, Pengshui county and big foot area have been found to exceed the standard of cadmium, but the exceeding standard rate is more than the standard. Low, the contents of rice and cadmium in the other 31 counties were within the prescribed limits. The average and median of rice and cadmium content in Tongnan, Pengshui and Dazu regions were compared. The median values of the three regions were significantly lower than those of the average. The cadmium content in different districts and counties was statistically significant (H=112.56, P0.01), and the cadmium exceeding standard rates in different districts and counties were also different (X 2=71.50, P0.01). (4) to observe the content of rice and cadmium in different regions, the cadmium content in the four regions is different (H=22.60, P0.01), and there is no cadmium exceeding the standard in the main city and the northeast of Chongqing, and the super standard rate of cadmium in the southeast of Chongqing is the highest, and there is no difference (X 2 =2.79,1.74, P0.05) with the main city and the "one circle" area (P0.05), which is higher than that in the northeast of Chongqing (X 2=12.93, P0.01); 5 To assess the health risk of rice and cadmium exposure in Chongqing, the daily intake of rice and cadmium (DI) was far less than the allowable limit value 72ug/ (mg day), and a very small amount of rice samples had been exceeded by DI, but the average DI of cadmium in each district was within the limit. The local hazard coefficient (THQ) of the local rice and cadmium (THQ) was also far less than 1 of the allowable limit. A small amount of rice sample THQ exceeded the standard, but the average cadmium value of THQ in all districts and counties was also in the safe level. Conclusion: the local rice cadmium content detection rate is high, the total cadmium content level is low, the cadmium exposure risk is low, the local residents are in the safe range from the cadmium intake level of rice, and the rice and cadmium exposure are still on the human body. It can not constitute a threat. There is a difference in the level of cadmium in each region, which may be caused by different soil environment or artificial factors between the districts and counties. It may also be seasonal and limited samples. Therefore, it can only represent the level of cadmium in the local rice at the time of sampling. The specific reasons should be further investigated and suggested. We will carry out farmland soil testing work in various areas and understand the local heavy metal pollution from the source.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：重慶醫(yī)科大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：R155.5

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