本文選題：鉛酸蓄電池 + 鉛��； 參考：《南京醫(yī)科大學》2013年碩士論文

【摘要】：鉛酸蓄電池是一種能夠貯蓄、釋放電能的電氣化學設備，也是世界上各類電池中產(chǎn)量最大、用途最廣的一類電池。隨著我國經(jīng)濟的騰飛，交通運輸業(yè)、移動通訊業(yè)、太陽能等清潔能源發(fā)電產(chǎn)業(yè)進入了飛速發(fā)展時期，鉛酸蓄電池產(chǎn)業(yè)也因此而蓬勃發(fā)展。江蘇的蘇中、蘇北的部分地區(qū)，鉛酸蓄電池產(chǎn)業(yè)已成為當?shù)氐闹е彤a(chǎn)業(yè)，為地方發(fā)展起著巨大的作用。然而，鉛酸蓄電池產(chǎn)業(yè)在不斷創(chuàng)造社會財富的同時，其生產(chǎn)過程中產(chǎn)生的含鉛污染物對職業(yè)人群造成的健康危害和周圍環(huán)境的污染現(xiàn)象也逐漸顯現(xiàn)出來。 因此，，為了最大程度的降低職業(yè)人群鉛中毒的發(fā)生率，改善鉛酸蓄電池企業(yè)周圍環(huán)境并初步掌握鉛污染遷徙路徑和規(guī)律，本研究對江蘇省典型鉛酸蓄電池企業(yè)職業(yè)危害現(xiàn)狀及對周邊環(huán)境影響進行了調(diào)查研究，并為制定《江蘇省鉛酸蓄電池企業(yè)職業(yè)危害防護技術規(guī)范》提供有效依據(jù)。 第一部分：江蘇省典型鉛酸蓄電池企業(yè)職業(yè)危害現(xiàn)狀調(diào)查 目的調(diào)查江蘇省典型鉛酸蓄電池企業(yè)職業(yè)危害現(xiàn)狀，為鉛酸蓄電池行業(yè)鉛危害的預防控制以及《江蘇省鉛酸蓄電池企業(yè)職業(yè)危害防護技術規(guī)范》的制定提供理論依據(jù)。 方法按照國家相關標準和規(guī)范，采取職業(yè)衛(wèi)生學現(xiàn)場調(diào)查、現(xiàn)場檢測與評價等方法，對該鉛酸蓄電池企業(yè)生產(chǎn)過程中存在的職業(yè)危害因素進行識別、分析與評價。 結果江蘇省典型鉛酸蓄電池企業(yè)生產(chǎn)過程產(chǎn)生的主要職業(yè)危害因素是鉛煙、鉛塵、噪聲等。個體采樣中涉鉛勞動者超標率為83.3%，噪聲檢測超標率為100%；定點采樣中鉛煙、塵檢測超標率為84.2%，噪聲檢測超標率為50%；職業(yè)健康體檢血鉛水平達到400μg/L以上者占總人數(shù)的15.3%；極板生產(chǎn)崗位、焊接崗位職工血鉛超標率高達34.1%和26.2%；部分作業(yè)場所職業(yè)病防護設施設置不夠完善、合理；部分崗位員工沒有按照要求規(guī)范佩戴個人防護用品。 結論江蘇省典型鉛酸蓄電池企業(yè)職業(yè)危害現(xiàn)狀不容忽視，涉鉛職業(yè)人群血鉛超標現(xiàn)象比較嚴重，須加緊采取有效措施預防控制職業(yè)危害。 第二部分：江蘇省典型鉛酸蓄電池企業(yè)周圍環(huán)境鉛污染水平調(diào)查 目的調(diào)查江蘇省典型鉛酸蓄電池企業(yè)對周圍環(huán)境的影響，為改善環(huán)境及《江蘇省鉛酸蓄電池企業(yè)職業(yè)危害防護技術規(guī)范》的制定提供有效依據(jù)。 方法按照國家相關標準和規(guī)范，采集、檢測該企業(yè)內(nèi)、企業(yè)外（上、下風向不同距離）的環(huán)境樣品。 結果下風向區(qū)土壤鉛含量中位數(shù)均明顯高于上風向區(qū)域（P 0.05）；表層土壤、植物根部土壤超標率分別為3.45%、14.29%；企業(yè)內(nèi)自來水、水溝水樣品超標率分別為16.67%、100%，而企業(yè)外水樣均未超標；作業(yè)區(qū)空氣鉛含量中位數(shù)均顯著高于行政區(qū)（P=0.033）；上風向區(qū)空氣鉛含量中位數(shù)與下風向區(qū)并沒有顯著差異（P=0.148）；企業(yè)內(nèi)、外空氣樣超標率分別為28.57%、75.00%；作業(yè)區(qū)、下風向區(qū)植物鉛含量中位數(shù)均顯著高于行政區(qū)、上風向（P=0.015和P=0.047）；環(huán)境樣（土壤、空氣、植物）鉛含量分布曲線中上風向區(qū)域每個距離點環(huán)境樣鉛含量波動幅度比較小；下風向區(qū)域的分布曲線呈先降低（尤其是200m以內(nèi)的鉛含量呈急劇下降）后平穩(wěn)的趨勢。 結論該企業(yè)對周圍環(huán)境存在一定程度的污染，需加緊采取有效的鉛污染預防控制措施。 第三部分：《江蘇省鉛酸蓄電池企業(yè)職業(yè)危害防護技術規(guī)范》的制定 目的制定《江蘇省鉛酸蓄電池企業(yè)職業(yè)危害防護技術規(guī)范》初稿，為我省鉛酸蓄電池企業(yè)職業(yè)衛(wèi)生管理和職業(yè)衛(wèi)生監(jiān)督提供依據(jù)。 方法在《中華人民共和國職業(yè)病防治法》的總體指導思想下，根據(jù)對江蘇省典型鉛酸蓄電池企業(yè)職業(yè)危害因素以及周邊環(huán)境影響的調(diào)查結果，結合近些年來對我省多家鉛酸蓄電池企業(yè)的現(xiàn)場調(diào)查和走訪所獲取的信息，嚴格按照國家相關標準和規(guī)范進行撰寫制定。 結果完成《江蘇省鉛酸蓄電池企業(yè)職業(yè)危害防護技術規(guī)范》的初稿，包括以下幾個方面：范圍、規(guī)范性引用文件、術語和定義、基本要求、職業(yè)衛(wèi)生工程防護措施、設備維護的衛(wèi)生要求、個人防護用品的衛(wèi)生要求、工作場所職業(yè)危害因素監(jiān)測、職業(yè)健康監(jiān)護、職業(yè)衛(wèi)生管理、工作場所清潔及廢棄物處理要求、應急救援。
[Abstract]:Lead-acid battery is a kind of electrical and chemical equipment that can store and release electric energy. It is also the most widely used type of battery in all kinds of batteries in the world. With the rapid development of China's economy, the clean energy generation industry, such as transportation, mobile communication, solar energy and so on, has entered a rapid development period, so the lead-acid battery industry is also the one. The lead-acid battery industry has become a local pillar industry and plays a great role in local development. However, the lead acid battery industry, while constantly creating social wealth, produces health hazards and surrounding rings caused by lead contaminated contaminants produced in the production process. The pollution of the border has gradually emerged.
Therefore, in order to reduce the incidence of lead poisoning in the occupational population to the greatest extent, improve the environment around the lead-acid battery enterprises and master the migration path and regularity of lead pollution, this study investigates the occupational hazard status of the typical lead-acid battery enterprises in Jiangsu province and the influence on the surrounding environment, and establishes "the lead-acid storage power storage" in Jiangsu province. "Pool enterprise occupational hazards prevention technical specification" provides effective basis.
Part I: Investigation on occupational hazards in typical lead-acid battery enterprises in Jiangsu
Objective to investigate the occupational hazard status of typical lead-acid battery enterprises in Jiangsu Province, and to provide theoretical basis for the prevention and control of lead hazards in lead-acid battery industry and the formulation of technical standards for occupational hazard protection in lead-acid battery enterprises in Jiangsu.
Methods according to the relevant national standards and standards, the occupational hazard factors in the production process of the lead-acid battery enterprises were identified, analyzed and evaluated by the field survey of occupational hygiene, field detection and evaluation.
Results the main occupational hazard factors produced in the production process of typical lead-acid battery enterprises in Jiangsu were lead smoke, lead dust, noise and so on. The excessive rate of lead workers involved in the individual sampling was 83.3%, the rate of excessive noise detection was 100%, the rate of lead smoke in the fixed sampling was 84.2%, the excess rate of noise detection was 50%, and the occupational health examination blood lead water. The total number of people up to above 400 mu g/L accounted for 15.3% of the total number of people; the extreme plate production posts, the blood lead rate of the staff in the welding posts were up to 34.1% and 26.2%, and the occupational disease protection facilities in some workplaces were not perfect and reasonable; some staff did not wear personal protective supplies according to the requirements.
Conclusion the occupational hazards of the typical lead-acid battery enterprises in Jiangsu can not be ignored. The excessive lead in lead occupational population is more serious. It is necessary to take effective measures to prevent and control occupational hazards.
The second part: the survey of lead pollution level in typical lead-acid battery enterprises in Jiangsu province.
Objective to investigate the influence of the typical lead-acid battery enterprises in Jiangsu on the surrounding environment, and to provide an effective basis for the improvement of the environment and the technical specification for occupational hazard protection of the lead-acid battery enterprises in Jiangsu.
Methods according to the relevant national standards and norms, environmental samples were collected and detected outside the enterprise (above, downwind to different distances).
Results the median of soil lead content in the lower wind direction is obviously higher than that in the upper wind direction (P 0.05), and the superstandard rate of the soil in the surface soil and the plant root is 3.45%, 14.29% respectively. The excess rate of the water samples in the enterprise is 16.67% and 100%, respectively, while the water samples in the enterprise are not exceeding the standard, and the median of the air lead content in the operating area is significantly higher than that of the administration. Area (P=0.033); there is no significant difference between the median of air lead content in the upper air direction and the lower wind direction (P=0.148); in the enterprise, the excess rate of outer space gas samples is 28.57%, 75% respectively; the median of lead in the operating area and the lower wind direction are significantly higher than that in the administrative area, the upward wind direction (P =0.015 and P=0.047); the lead content of the environmental samples (soil, air and plant) The fluctuation of the lead content of the environment samples at each point in the upper wind direction is relatively small, and the distribution curve of the lower wind direction is decreasing (especially the lead content within 200m decreases sharply).
Conclusion the enterprise has a certain degree of pollution to the surrounding environment. It is necessary to take effective measures to prevent and control lead pollution.
The third part: the formulation of technical regulations for occupational hazards protection in Jiangsu lead-acid battery enterprises.
Objective to formulate the first draft of the technical code for occupational hazard protection of Jiangsu lead-acid battery enterprises, and provide the basis for the occupational health management and occupational health supervision of the lead-acid battery enterprises in our province.
Methods under the overall guidance of the occupational disease prevention and control law of People's Republic of China, according to the investigation results of the occupational hazards and the surrounding environment of the typical lead-acid battery enterprises in Jiangsu Province, the information obtained from the field investigation and visit of several lead-acid battery enterprises in recent years is strictly in accordance with the relevant state. Standards and specifications are written and formulated.
The results completed the first draft of the technical code for occupational hazard protection of Jiangsu lead-acid battery enterprises, including the following aspects: scope, standard reference documents, terminology and definition, basic requirements, occupational health engineering protection measures, sanitary requirements for equipment maintenance, hygiene requirements for personal protective supplies, and monitoring of occupational hazards in the workplace, Occupational health surveillance, occupational health management, workplace cleanliness and waste disposal requirements, emergency rescue.

【學位授予單位】：南京醫(yī)科大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：R13;X508

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本文編號：1801350