本文選題：中央空調(diào) + 軍團(tuán)菌　； 參考：《浙江大學(xué)》2012年碩士論文

【摘要】：隨著社會經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展,人們的生活、工作環(huán)境、工作條件都在不斷的改善,許多公共場所都安裝了全封閉式中央空調(diào)設(shè)備,自2003年SARS爆發(fā)以來,人們對居住、辦公、商業(yè)、娛樂等公共場所環(huán)境的要求和空氣衛(wèi)生質(zhì)量越來越高,開始對公共衛(wèi)生安全有了進(jìn)一步認(rèn)識和重視。很多研究報(bào)道,公共場所集中空調(diào)通風(fēng)系統(tǒng)大多存在嚴(yán)重的細(xì)菌污染,這對人體健康有潛在的危害,因此公共場所里的空調(diào)通風(fēng)系統(tǒng)的室內(nèi)衛(wèi)生安全問題備受大眾關(guān)注,也引起了各級政府衛(wèi)生主管部門和廣大公眾對集中空調(diào)通風(fēng)系統(tǒng)可能成為傳染病的一種空氣傳播渠道的高度重視。為此國家衛(wèi)生部相繼頒布了一系列條例、規(guī)范,旨在加強(qiáng)公共場所集中空調(diào)通風(fēng)系統(tǒng)衛(wèi)生管理工作,確保公共衛(wèi)生安全和人民群眾身體健康。 1目的 了解紹興市公共場所集中空調(diào)系統(tǒng)中軍團(tuán)菌污染的現(xiàn)狀及暴露人群感染水平,為政府有關(guān)部門綜合治理提供決策依據(jù),有利于預(yù)防和控制呼吸系統(tǒng)傳染病的流行和爆發(fā),從而促進(jìn)我市公共場所集中空調(diào)的衛(wèi)生安全,保障大眾健康。 2方法 2.1冷卻水樣品的來源和檢測 2009年夏季和冬季隨機(jī)抽查紹興市酒店、賓館、商場、超市、醫(yī)院、證券公司、寫字樓等公共場所的大型空調(diào)冷卻塔中的冷卻水,檢測嗜肺軍團(tuán)菌濃度。 同時隨機(jī)抽查集中中央空調(diào)通風(fēng)系統(tǒng)風(fēng)管里的積塵,檢測積塵量、積塵中細(xì)菌總數(shù)、真菌總數(shù)。 2.2受試對象的分組和入選 非暴露人群組：2009-2010年采集山區(qū)廠礦工人血清標(biāo)本265份以及高校體檢的學(xué)生血清標(biāo)本255份,兩類人群血清標(biāo)本共計(jì)520份,(在該單位連續(xù)工作5年以上),設(shè)為對照組。 暴露人群組：酒店、賓館從業(yè)人員血清標(biāo)本192份；超市工作人員血清標(biāo)本190份；商場工作人員血清標(biāo)本94份；另外還有證券公司工作人員血清標(biāo)本35份。四類人群中男性212名；女性299名。此類人群血清標(biāo)本共計(jì)511份,(在該單位連續(xù)工作5年以上)設(shè)為暴露組。 對照組人員所在工作場所均不安裝使用集中中央空調(diào),暴露組人員所在工作場所使用的集中中央空調(diào)5年內(nèi)未清洗,也未更換新的空調(diào)。 2.3紹興市中央空調(diào)冷卻水的軍團(tuán)菌污染抽樣調(diào)查結(jié)果分析 2.4中央空調(diào)冷卻水的軍團(tuán)菌污染對工作人員軍團(tuán)菌感染風(fēng)險的影響 2.5統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件方法 采用SPSSV13.0軟件對數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。兩個總體率或構(gòu)成比之間差別、多個總體率或構(gòu)成比之間的差別的比較采用Pearson卡方檢驗(yàn),當(dāng)總樣本量40,或理論頻數(shù)1時采用四格表資料的Fisher確切概率法。 3結(jié)果 3.1冷卻水軍團(tuán)菌監(jiān)測結(jié)果 本課題對紹興市42家大酒店、賓館、商場、超市、醫(yī)院、證券公司、寫字樓等公共場所的110只大型空調(diào)冷卻塔在夏冬兩季共440份冷卻塔水作軍團(tuán)菌監(jiān)測。結(jié)果顯示,大型公共場所空調(diào)冷卻塔水中軍團(tuán)菌總檢出率為67.3%(74/110),其中超市為82.4%(14/17)、醫(yī)院為78.6%(11/14)、證券公司71.4%(5/7)、酒店、賓館為66.0%(33/50)、商場為62.5%(10/16)、寫字樓為16.7%(1/6)。 3.1.1在夏季8-9月42家公共場所59只空調(diào)冷卻塔進(jìn)行檢測,總檢測率為72.9%(43/59),其中超市為88.9%(8/9)、醫(yī)院為77.8%(7/9)、證券公司66.7%(2/3)、酒店、賓館為70.4%(19/27)、商場為75.0%(6/8)、寫字樓為33.3%(1/3)。 3.1.2在冬季2-3月檢測42家公共場所51只空調(diào)冷卻塔進(jìn)行檢測,總檢測率為60.8%(31/51),其中超市為75.0%(6/8)、商場為50.0%(4/8)、酒店和賓館為60.9%(14/23)、醫(yī)院為80.0%(4/5)、證券公司75.0%(3/4)、寫字樓未檢出軍團(tuán)菌。 3.2空調(diào)風(fēng)管積塵量及其微生物檢測結(jié)果 3.2.12009年風(fēng)管積塵量及微生物污染檢測結(jié)果 2009年8月對4家大酒店、4家超市、2家商場集中空調(diào)通風(fēng)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行風(fēng)管微生物污染的檢測,10家公共場所中中等污染7家,嚴(yán)重污染3家,檢測結(jié)果見表3-7。檢測結(jié)果顯示：(1)管道積塵量：最高41.27g/m2,最低0.21g/m2,均值19.03g/m2,大酒店均值為23.64g/m2,超市均值為17.91g/m2,商場均值為7.50g／m2；(2)積塵中細(xì)菌總數(shù)：最高54000cfu/g,最低260cfu/g,均值7900cfu/g,其中大酒店均值為5400cfu/g,超市均值為12500cfu/g,商場超市均值為5500cfu/;(3)積塵中真菌總數(shù)：最高870000cfu/g,最低300,均值83000cfu/g,其中大酒店為11OOOOcfu/g,超市為67000cfu/g,商場超市為59000cfu/g);(4)污染程度：中等污染程度居多,占整體的70%,嚴(yán)重污染占30%,說明集中空調(diào)通風(fēng)系統(tǒng)的風(fēng)管里普遍存在污染。 3.2.22010年風(fēng)管積塵量及微生物污染檢測結(jié)果 在2010年8月對9家大酒店、賓館4家、醫(yī)院4家、1家超市、1家商場集中式空調(diào)通風(fēng)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行風(fēng)管微生物污染的檢測。19家公共場所中中等污染14家,嚴(yán)重污染3家,檢測結(jié)果見表3-8。(1)管道積塵量：最高56.04g/m2,最低0.34g/m2,均值10.62g/m2,其中大酒店均值為6.08g/m2,商場均值為12.83g/m2,超市均值為26.83g/m2,賓館均值為14.27g/m2,醫(yī)院均值為12.58g/m2；(2)積塵中細(xì)菌總數(shù)：最高68000cfu/g,最低410cfu/g,均值13000cfu/g,其中大酒店均值為7200cfu/g,商場均值為16000cfu/g,超市均值為32000cfu/g,賓館均值為17000cfu/g,醫(yī)院均值為15000cfu/g;(4)污染程度：輕度污染程度占10.52%,中等污染程度居多,占整體的73.68%,嚴(yán)重污染占15.79%。 3.3嗜肺軍團(tuán)菌抗體結(jié)果 3.3.1對照人群嗜肺軍團(tuán)菌抗體檢測結(jié)果 在520名對照人群中檢出軍團(tuán)菌抗體陽性的共計(jì)25份,總陽性率為4.81%,其中學(xué)生255名,陽性率3.92%(10/255)；廠礦工人265名,陽性率5.66%(15/265)。 3.3.2暴露人群嗜肺軍團(tuán)菌抗體檢測結(jié)果 在511名暴露人群中檢出軍團(tuán)菌抗體陽性的共計(jì)76份,陽性率為14.87%,其中超市工作人員190名,陽性率18.95%(36/190),商場工作人員94名,陽性率14.89%(14/94),證券工作人員35名,陽性率14.29%(5/35),酒店賓館192名,陽性率10.94%(21/192)。 4結(jié)論 公共場所集中空調(diào)系統(tǒng)中軍團(tuán)菌污染及風(fēng)管中積塵量和微生物的污染嚴(yán)重,對照人群中軍團(tuán)菌抗體陽性率為4.81%,暴露人群中軍團(tuán)菌抗體陽性率為14.87%,有必要在軍團(tuán)菌高發(fā)季節(jié)(夏冬季)加強(qiáng)對各大賓館飯店、大型商場超市及醫(yī)院等空調(diào)通風(fēng)系統(tǒng)現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行軍團(tuán)菌監(jiān)測與監(jiān)控,為政府有關(guān)部門進(jìn)行綜合治理提供決策依據(jù),也為《公共場所集中空調(diào)通風(fēng)系統(tǒng)衛(wèi)生規(guī)范》提升為國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)提供可靠的依據(jù),有利于預(yù)防和控制公共場所中空氣微生物污染的傳播,保證公共場所里輸送空氣的衛(wèi)生質(zhì)量,保障人群的公共衛(wèi)生安全。
[Abstract]:With the development of social economy , people ' s living , working environment and working conditions are constantly improving , and many public places have been installed with all - enclosed central air - conditioning equipment .

1 Purpose

To understand the present situation and the level of infection in the centralized air - conditioning system in Shaoxing public places , provide the decision - making basis for the comprehensive management of government departments concerned , which is conducive to the prevention and control of the epidemic and outbreak of infectious diseases in the respiratory system , so as to promote the health and safety of the central air - conditioning in the public places of our city and guarantee the public health .

2 Method

2.1 Sources and detection of cooling water samples

In the summer and winter of 2009 , the cooling water in large air - conditioning cooling towers of Shaoxing city hotels , hotels , shopping malls , supermarkets , hospitals , securities companies , office buildings and other public places was randomly selected to detect the concentration of the ophila .

At the same time , randomly check the dust accumulated in the air duct of the central air - conditioning ventilation system , detect the amount of dust , the total number of bacteria in the dust and the total number of fungi .

2.2 Grouping and Inclusion of Test Objects

Non - exposed group : 265 serum samples from mountain factory miners in 2009 - 2010 and 255 serum samples from college physical examination . The serum samples of the two groups were 520 , ( more than 5 years of continuous work in the unit ) , and the control group was set up .

Exposure group : 192 samples of serum samples from hotel and hotel employees ;
190 parts of serum specimen of supermarket staff ;
94 parts of serum specimen of the staff in the mall ;
In addition , 35 samples were collected from the staff of the securities company , 212 from the four categories ;
A total of 511 women from these groups were exposed to exposure to a total of 511 serum specimens ( more than 5 years in continuous work in the unit ) .

No centralized central air conditioner is installed in the working place where the control group personnel are located , and the centralized central air conditioner used at the working place of the exposed group personnel is not cleaned during 5 years , and the new air conditioner is not replaced .

2.3 Analysis on the Sampling Survey Results of the Contamination Sampling of the Central Air - conditioning Cooling Water in Shaoxing City

2.4 Effect of Air - conditioning Cooling Water on the Risk of Infection of Staff Members

2.5 Statistical software method

Statistical analysis of data was performed with SPSS V13.0 software . The difference between the two overall rates or the composition ratios , the comparison between the multiple overall rates or the composition ratios was examined by Pearson chi - square , and Fisher ' s exact probability method of four - grid data was used when the total sample size 40 , or theoretical frequency 1 , was 1 .

3 Results

3.1 Monitoring Results of Cooling Water Corps

The results showed that the total detection rate was 67.3 % ( 74 / 110 ) , 78.6 % ( 11 / 14 ) , 76.4 % ( 5 / 7 ) , 66.0 % ( 33 / 50 ) , 62.5 % ( 10 / 16 ) in the mall and 16.7 % ( 1 / 6 ) in office building .

3.1 . 1 The total detection rate is 72.9 % ( 43 / 59 ) . The total detection rate is 72.9 % ( 43 / 59 ) , in which the supermarket is 89.9 % ( 8 / 9 ) , the hospital is 77.8 % ( 7 / 9 ) , the securities company 66.7 % ( 2 / 3 ) , the hotel , the hotel is 70.4 % ( 19 / 27 ) , the mall is 75.0 % ( 6 / 8 ) , the office building is 33.3 % ( 1 / 3 ) .

3.1 . 2 In winter 2 - 3 months , 51 air - conditioning cooling towers were tested , the total detection rate was 60.8 % ( 31 / 51 ) , in which the supermarket was 75.0 % ( 6 / 8 ) , the store was 50.0 % ( 4 / 8 ) , the hotel and the hotel were 60.9 % ( 14 / 23 ) , the hospital was 80.0 % ( 4 / 5 ) , the securities company was 75.0 % ( 3 / 4 ) , and the office building was not detected .

3.2 Air - conditioning duct dust collection and microbial detection results

3.2 . 1Air duct dust collection and microbial contamination detection results in 2009

In August 2009 , 4 major hotels , 4 supermarkets , 2 stores centralized air conditioning and ventilation system were detected , 7 of 10 public places had moderate pollution and 3 serious pollution , the results are shown in Table 3 - 7 . The results show that : ( 1 ) The volume of pipeline dust : up to 41.27g / m2 , the lowest 0.21g / m2 , the average value 19.03g / m2 , the average value of the hotel is 23.64g / m2 , the average supermarket is 17.91g / m2 , the mean value of the mall is 7.50g / m2 ;
(2)縐皹涓粏鑿屾，

本文編號：1778813