本文選題：甲苯　切入點：個體采樣　出處：《復(fù)旦大學(xué)》2012年碩士論文

【摘要】：甲苯(Methylbenzene)常溫下是一種無色透明液體,有類似苯的芳香氣味,易揮發(fā),易溶于苯、醇、醚等多數(shù)有機溶劑,是一種重要的有機化工原料,大量用作溶劑和高辛烷值汽油添加劑。甲苯主要通過呼吸道吸入、經(jīng)皮膚吸收對人體產(chǎn)生健康危害,長時間接觸較高濃度的甲苯可引起多種健康損害,如神經(jīng)衰弱綜合征,肝腫大,女工月經(jīng)異常,皮膚干燥、皸裂、皮炎等。職業(yè)性甲苯中毒是我國法定職業(yè)病。我國對控制工作場所甲苯濃度,減少或消除甲苯的職業(yè)病危害十分重視,現(xiàn)行甲苯職業(yè)衛(wèi)生標準為時間加權(quán)平均容許濃度(PC-TWA)50mg/m3和短時間接觸容許濃度(PC-STEL)100mg/m3。 我國職業(yè)衛(wèi)生標準主要規(guī)定了最高容許濃度(MAC)、時間加權(quán)平均容許濃度(TWA)、短時間接觸容許濃度(STEL)3類職業(yè)接觸限值。在職業(yè)危害因素現(xiàn)場檢測中,目前存在兩種采樣方法：定點采樣和個體采樣。定點采樣和個體采樣兩者各有優(yōu)劣,其中定點采樣方法簡單、節(jié)省時間、成本較低,但不能確切反映工人實際接觸水平；個體采樣操作復(fù)雜、耗費時間、成本較高,但能較好地估計個體真實暴露水平。 本研究定點采樣采用“溶劑解吸一氣相色譜法”測定工作場所空氣中甲苯的濃度；并同時應(yīng)用活性炭管進行個體采樣,二硫化碳溶劑解吸的氣相色譜測定甲苯的濃度。結(jié)果表明該方法定點采樣測定甲苯的濃度與峰面積在17.3-866.9mg/L的范圍內(nèi)呈線性關(guān)系,最低檢測限為1.2mg/m3(進樣量為1μl),相對標準偏差(RSD)的為0.95%,達到了“車間空氣中有毒物質(zhì)監(jiān)測研究規(guī)范’的要求,具有操作簡單、出峰時間快、重現(xiàn)性好的特點,適用于工作場所甲苯濃度的測定。 本研究對上海某制鞋廠甲苯接觸工段收集歷史監(jiān)測資料,對現(xiàn)場進行調(diào)查和采樣,對相關(guān)作業(yè)工人進行了甲苯的接觸評估。 該廠歷史監(jiān)測資料表明,各車間甲苯濃度呈明顯正偏態(tài)分布。通過交談、問卷調(diào)查和現(xiàn)場衛(wèi)生學(xué)調(diào)查等形式,確定了17個主要接觸甲苯的崗位,并將17個崗位17個工人進行了連續(xù)3天的代表性的個體采樣,同時在有代表性的工作點進行一對一的定點采樣。對51組數(shù)據(jù)分析后得到回歸方程v=7.450+1.245x,其中y為甲苯個體采樣TWA濃度,x為甲苯定點采樣TWA濃度,本方程可以用來粗略預(yù)測該制鞋廠五個車間近幾年甲苯的個體接觸水平。 將兩種采樣進行比較分析,兩者計算出來的工人甲苯接觸的時間加權(quán)平均濃度不相吻合,個體采樣結(jié)果偏高。定點采樣推算工人個體接觸水平存在一定的系統(tǒng)誤差,但能夠較好地對個體采樣結(jié)果進行解釋和補充。因此,進行接觸評估應(yīng)盡量采用個體采樣的方法,同時進行定點采樣,將兩者結(jié)合起來,互為對照,以更好地評估甲苯產(chǎn)生的職業(yè)危害,為現(xiàn)實工作提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。歷史監(jiān)測資料也能提供有價值的參考。 另外,論文對采樣方法的選擇、采樣時段的選擇、樣本量和結(jié)果的計算方法等因素可能影響接觸評估的質(zhì)量等問題進行討論。
[Abstract]:Toluene at room temperature (Methylbenzene) is a colorless transparent liquid, aromatic odor, similar to benzene volatile, soluble in benzene, alcohol, ether and most organic solvents, is an important organic chemical raw material, widely used as solvent and high octane gasoline additives. Toluene mainly through respiratory inhalation, skin absorption healthy harm to human body, long time exposure to high concentrations of toluene can cause a lot of damage to health, such as neurasthenia syndrome, hepatomegaly, abnormal menstruation, dry skin, chapped, dermatitis. Toluene poisoning is the legal occupation of occupation disease. China on toluene concentration control of workplace, reduce or eliminate the occupation disease the harm of toluene attaches great importance to the present hygienic standard for toluene occupation time weighted average concentration (PC-TWA) of 50mg/m3 and STEL (PC-STEL 100mg/m3.)
Our country occupation hygiene standards of the main provisions of the maximum allowable concentration (MAC), the time weighted average concentration (TWA), STEL (STEL) 3 class occupation exposure limit. In the occupation hazards field testing, there are two kinds of sampling methods at present: sampling and sampling sampling and individual individual. Sampling both have advantages and disadvantages, the sampling method is simple, time saving, low cost, but it can not accurately reflect the actual exposure level of workers; individual sampling operation is complex, time consuming, high cost, but can estimate the actual individual exposure levels.
The concentrations of sampling by solvent desorption gas chromatography method for determination of toluene in the air of workplace; and at the same time, the application of activated carbon tube for individual sampling, concentration of carbon disulfide solvent desorption gas chromatographic determination of toluene. The results show that the method of sampling concentration and peak area determination of toluene is linear in 17.3-866.9mg/L within the range of the minimum detection limit is 1.2mg/m3 (sample volume of 1 L), the relative standard deviation (RSD) was 0.95%, achieved the determination of toxic substances in workplace air specification "requirements, has the advantages of simple operation, the peak time of fast, good reproducibility, suitable for determination of toluene concentration place.
This study collected historical monitoring data for toluene contact section of a shoe factory in Shanghai, and investigated and sampled the scene. Toluene contact assessment was carried out for the related workers.
The historical monitoring data of the plant showed that the workshop was the concentration of toluene skeweddistribution. Through conversation, questionnaire survey and field survey, identified 17 main toluene positions, and 17 jobs in 17 workers in the individual 3 consecutive days of sampling, at the same time with representatives the point point on a sample. The analysis of 51 groups of data obtained after the regression equation is v=7.450+1.245x, wherein Y is toluene individual sampling TWA concentration, X toluene sampling TWA concentration, exposure level of this equation can be used to predict the five shoe factory workshop in recent years of toluene.
The two samples were compared and analyzed, the time weighted average concentration calculated from the two workers of toluene exposure is not consistent, the individual sampling results. High sampling calculate the exposure level of workers there are some systematic errors, but the results can explain and supplement to the individual sampling better. Therefore, the evaluation method should be used to contact the individual at the same time as the sampling, sampling, combination, mutual control, in order to better assess the occupation harm of toluene, and provide scientific basis for practical work. The historical monitoring data can provide valuable reference.
Besides, the selection of sampling methods, the selection of sampling time, the calculation method of sample size and results and other factors that may affect the quality of contact assessment are discussed.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：復(fù)旦大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：R13

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