發(fā)布時間：2018-03-26 03:35

  本文選題：學齡前兒童　切入點：氣質類型　出處：《復旦大學》2013年碩士論文

【摘要】：第一部分上海市學齡前兒童氣質特征及其影響因素分析 研究目的 了解上海市學齡前兒童氣質特征,探討學齡前兒童氣質特征的影響因素,為兒童氣質特征的干預提供可行的措施,為學齡前兒童的科學教育提供依據。 研究方法 本研究為現況研究,采用整群抽樣法,抽取上海市四個城區(qū)共10所幼兒園,每所幼兒園抽取小班、中班、大班各2個班級,將符合納入標準的全部兒童共1200名作為施測對象。由熟悉兒童的家長(主要是母親)填寫“學齡前兒童兒童及相關情況問卷”,包括兒童氣質量表、家庭環(huán)境量表、父母教養(yǎng)行為量表、家庭一般情況等內容。用SPSS16.0軟件進行統計分析。 研究結果 研究對象的年齡范圍為3歲到6歲,平均年齡為(4.89±0.90)歲。男女比例為1：1.24。調查對象中易養(yǎng)型104例(占9.6%),中間型758例(占70.1%),啟動緩慢型109例(占10.1%),難養(yǎng)型111例(占10.3%)；以中間型最多,其他三種類型比例相近。不同性別、年齡兒童氣質類型無統計學差異。在活動水平和反應閾2個維度,男童得分高于女童；而在心境和注意分散度2個維度,女童得分高于男童。隨著年齡的增長,男童反應強度和反應閾2維度得分逐步下降；而趨避性和適應度2維度得分逐步上升。 無序多分類Logistic回歸分析表明,以易養(yǎng)型為參考水平,控制可能的混雜因素后,教養(yǎng)行為、家庭環(huán)境、父母對孩子態(tài)度一致性、老人與父母對孩子態(tài)度一致性、出生胎齡等因素對兒童中間型氣質和啟動緩慢型氣質無影響；控制可能的混雜因素后,家長敵意/強制教養(yǎng)行為較多、支持/參與行為較少、家庭環(huán)境獨立性較強的兒童難養(yǎng)型氣質比例較高。 多重線性回歸分析顯示,學齡前兒童氣質維度的影響因素包括以下方面。家長教養(yǎng)行為：敵意／強制維度、支持／參與維度；家庭環(huán)境：矛盾性、知識性、娛樂性、道德觀、組織性、控制性；家庭一般情況：父親職業(yè)、母親年齡、老人與父母對孩子態(tài)度一致性、家事決定人；母親孕期及兒童出生情況：妊娠反應、孕期重大生活事件、出生胎齡；看電視時間；入睡困難。 研究結論 學齡前兒童的氣質類型分布以中間型最多,不同性別、年齡兒童氣質類型無統計學差異,氣質類型影響因素主要是家長教養(yǎng)行為和家庭環(huán)境中的獨立性,表明氣質類型具有相對穩(wěn)定性。部分氣質維度存在年齡差異和性別差異。學齡前兒童氣質維度受家長教養(yǎng)行為、家庭環(huán)境、家庭一般情況、母親孕期情況、兒童出生情況、生活作息等因素的影響。建議提高家長對兒童氣質的重視,了解自家兒童的氣質特征和生活環(huán)境,以適宜的方式養(yǎng)育兒童,使兒童氣質和環(huán)境“適應良好”。 第二部分學齡前兒童氣質特征和健康相關狀況的關系 研究目的 了解學齡前兒童健康相關狀況,分析氣質特征、家庭環(huán)境和健康相關狀況的關系,探討可干預的因素,為健康問題早期干預提供依據。 研究方法 采用整群抽樣法,抽取上海市四個城區(qū)共10所幼兒園,每所幼兒園抽取小班、中班、大班各2個班級,將符合納入標準的全部兒童共1200名作為施測對象。由熟悉兒童的家長(主要是母親)填寫“學齡前兒童氣質及相關情況問卷”,包括兒童氣質量表、家庭環(huán)境量表、父母教養(yǎng)行為量表、家庭一般情況、兒童健康相關狀況等內容。用SPSS16.0軟件進行統計分析。 研究結果 學齡前兒童總體健康狀況良好、一般和較差的比例分別為54.6%、40.7%和4.7%。齲患率為27.6%。衛(wèi)生服務利用的情況兩周就診率為17.3%。不同性別兒童總體健康狀況、齲齒、兩周就診率沒有統計學差異。不同年齡兒童齲患率、兩周就診率差異均具有統計學意義,6歲兒童齲患率高達37.2%,高于4歲和5歲的兒童。4歲和5歲的兒童兩周就診率高于6歲的兒童,不同年齡兒童總體健康狀況沒有統計學差異。 無序多分類Logistic回歸分析發(fā)現,控制混雜因素后,以健康狀況良好為參考水平,氣質類型依然影響兒童的總體健康狀況,氣質類型為D型、趨避性和適應度得分較低的兒童健康狀況一般的比例較高。 采用二分類Logistic回歸分析探討齲齒和氣質特征的關系。單因素和多因素分析均顯示,氣質類型為D型、節(jié)律性得分較低、反應強度得分高、反應閾得分較高是患齲齒的危險因素。 采用二分類Logistic回歸分析探討兩周就診情況和氣質特征的關系。氣質類型為D型的兒童兩周就診率高于E型的兒童,是兩周就診率的危險因素。 研究結論 兒童氣質特征影響學齡前兒童總體健康狀況、齲患率和兩周就診率。氣質特征不僅對兒童生理健康問題產生影響,亦影響兒童衛(wèi)生服務利用的情況。建議家長針對不同的氣質特點采取不同的撫養(yǎng)方式,使兒童與環(huán)境“調適良好”,發(fā)揮出最佳的狀態(tài),以預防身心健康問題的發(fā)生。
[Abstract]:The first part of Shanghai City preschool children's temperament characteristics and its influencing factors
research objective
Objective to understand the temperament characteristics of preschool children in Shanghai, and explore the influencing factors of temperament characteristics of preschool children, so as to provide feasible measures for intervention of temperament characteristics, and provide evidence for preschool children's science education.
research method
This study is cross-sectional, by cluster sampling, selected in four districts of Shanghai a total of 10 kindergartens, every kindergarten classes, each class selected classes, 2 classes, all children will meet the inclusion criteria of a total of 1200 as testing objects. Familiar with the children's parents (mainly mothers) in children preschool children and related questionnaire, including temperament questionnaire, family environment scale, the parenting behavior scale, family in general. The content was analyzed by SPSS16.0 software.
Research results
Study of the age range of 3 to 6 years old, the average age was (4.89 + 0.90) years old. The male to female ratio of 1:1.24. survey easy to raise type in 104 cases (9.6%), intermediate type in 758 cases (70.1%), slow startup type in 109 cases (10.1%), 111 cases (difficult to raise type 10.3%); in between the most, the other three types of similar proportion. No significant difference in age, gender, temperament. In the activity level and response threshold of 2 dimensions, boys scored higher than girls; and in the mood and attention of the 2 dimensions, girls score higher than boys. With the increase of age, boys' reaction intensity and reaction threshold 2 scores gradually decreased; and health and fitness of 2 dimension scores increased gradually.
Logistic regression analysis showed that the easy to raise type for the reference level, control the possible confounding factors, parenting behavior, family environment, parents of children attitude consistency, consistency and the attitude of the child elderly parents, gestational age and other factors had no influence on children's intermediate gas quality and slow start temperament; after controlling for possible confounders, parents forced hostility / parenting behavior more support / participation behavior less, family environment of children a strong independent difficult temperament higher proportion.
Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the influencing factors of preschool children temperament dimensions include the following aspects. Parenting behavior: hostility / support / participate in mandatory dimension, dimension; family environment: contradiction, knowledge, entertainment, morality, organization, control; general family: father mother's age and occupation. The old man and the consistency of the attitude of the child parents, family decision; maternal and child birth, pregnancy reaction, life events during pregnancy, gestational age at birth; the time of watching TV; difficult to fall asleep.
research conclusion
Distribution of temperament of preschool children in the middle of the most type of different sex, no significant difference in age, temperament, temperament is the main influence factors of independence of parenting behavior and family environment, that temperament is relatively stable. There are age and gender differences in temperament dimensions. Preschool children temperament dimensions by parents parenting behavior, family environment, family situation, pregnancy, birth status of children, affect the rest of life and other factors. Recommendations to improve the parents pay attention to children's temperament, temperament and self understanding of the living environment of children, in a proper way to raise children, the children's temperament and environment "good".
The relationship between the second parts of preschool children's temperament characteristics and health related conditions
research objective
Objective to understand the health status of preschool children, analyze the relationship between temperament, family environment and health related conditions, and explore the intervention factors, so as to provide evidence for early intervention of health problems.
research method
By using cluster sampling method, selected in four districts of Shanghai a total of 10 kindergartens, every kindergarten classes, each class selected classes, 2 classes, all children will meet the inclusion criteria of a total of 1200 as testing objects. Familiar with the parents of the children (mostly mothers) in preschool children's temperament and related the questionnaire, including temperament questionnaire, family environment scale, the parenting behavior scale, family in general, the content of children's health related conditions. Using SPSS16.0 software for statistical analysis.
Research results
The health status of preschool children is generally good, general and poor respectively 54.6%, 40.7% and 4.7%. 27.6%. for the caries rate of health service utilization situation of two week visiting rate of 17.3%. of different gender children in general health, dental caries, two weeks treatment there was no significant difference in different age. The incidence of caries in children, were statistically two week visiting rate difference, 6 year old children caries rate of 37.2%, higher than the 4 and 5 year old.4 years old children and 5 children aged two weeks were higher than 6 year old children, no statistically significant differences between the health status of children of different ages in general.
Logistic regression analysis showed that, after controlling for confounding factors, in good health as the reference level, temperament types still affect the overall health status of children's temperament types is D, phobotaxis and adapt to the children's health status scores lower generally the proportion is high.
Two classification Logistic regression analysis was used to explore the relationship between dental caries and temperament characteristics. Univariate and multivariate analysis showed that temperament type was D type, rhythm score was low, reaction intensity score was high, and response threshold score was high, which is a risk factor for caries.
Two classification Logistic regression analysis was used to explore the relationship between two week visits and temperament characteristics. Children with temperament type D type two weeks had higher visiting rate than E type children, which is a risk factor for two week visit rate.
research conclusion
The overall health status of preschool children temperament characteristics of children, the incidence of caries and two week visit rate. The temperament characteristics not only have an impact on children's physical health problems also affect child health services utilization. According to the different temperament that parents take different rearing mode, the children and the environment adjustment and adaptation of "good" play the best condition to prevent mental health problems.

【學位授予單位】：復旦大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：R179

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