本文關鍵詞： 鋼鐵企業(yè) 放射源 放射性活度 放射防護 個人劑量 風險評估　出處：《武漢科技大學》2012年碩士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】：目的 了解鋼鐵企業(yè)放射性物質(zhì)及放射防護管理基本現(xiàn)狀及歷史放射性意外事故資料，掌握輻射環(huán)境劑量水平和個人吸收劑量水平，識別和掌握鋼鐵企業(yè)放射風險因素，定量評估放射風險水平，確定合理、可行的輻射風險預防控制對策措施和建議，以消除或減輕輻射危害，為企業(yè)做好放射防護工作提供科學依據(jù)。 方法 1.輻射源調(diào)查及檢測：以武漢鋼鐵公司為代表性企業(yè)，制定鋼鐵企業(yè)輻射基本情況調(diào)查檢測表，對涉源單位名稱、輻射源類型、放射性物質(zhì)、放射活度或件數(shù)、用途、使用或閑置狀況、職業(yè)環(huán)境水平、輻射管理制度等進行調(diào)查； 2.放射職業(yè)危害評定：制定輻射裝置職業(yè)危害調(diào)查表，監(jiān)測放射源工作現(xiàn)場放射劑量強度，對職業(yè)輻射暴露人員個人累積輻射劑量進行監(jiān)測，調(diào)查暴露人員人口學資料、可能暴露機會、輻射事故可能情形、放射防護知識技能等信息； 3.輻射事故模型預測：采用放射事故調(diào)查表，收集武鋼近10年輻射事故基本資料，通過GM(1,1)灰色模型對輻射事故進行預測，進而確定輻射風險主要類型和風險水平； 4.輻射風險評估：采用AS/NZS4360:2004風險評價指數(shù)矩陣法數(shù)學模型，在建立武鋼輻射源數(shù)據(jù)庫基礎上，對輻射風險建立風險矩陣表，根據(jù)矩陣表中相對應的情況確定不同輻射風險的風險指數(shù)； 5.輻射風險管理措施：在輻射風險評估基礎上，根據(jù)《中華人民共和國職業(yè)病防治法》、《中華人民共和國放射污染防治法》、GB18871-2002《電離輻射防護與輻射源安全基本標準》、 GB/T17982-2000《核事故應急情況下公眾受照劑量估算的模式和參數(shù)》等法律法規(guī)和衛(wèi)生標準，制定鋼鐵企業(yè)輻射安全管理制度，建立鋼鐵企業(yè)輻射風險事故應急預案。 結(jié)果 1.截至2009年12月31日，武鋼本部及鄂鋼公司共有放射源332枚，青山本部企事業(yè)單位共使用X射線裝置及醫(yī)用加速器119臺。企業(yè)所有放射源中，放射性活度范圍0.0925GBq～1.85TGBq，總活度12.289TBq。核素類別主要為60Co、241Am、241Am-Be、85Kr、137Cs、3H-Ti；其中在用放射源185枚，總活度10.394TBq最大源為1.85TBq，最小源0.0925GBq，；庫存放射源147枚，總活度1.895TBq，最大源0.185TBq，最小源0.185GBq。所有以Ⅳ類和Ⅴ類源為主，占全部放射源的91.27%。 2.環(huán)境劑量水平監(jiān)測，源表面5cm處X-γ空氣吸收率劑量為0.06-11.81μSv/h；100cm處總空氣吸收劑量率范圍為0.03-66.78μSv/h，源庫周圍空氣劑量吸收率范圍：0.11-0.14μSv/h，平均值：0.124μSv/h，均低于國家劑量限值標準。 3.對80名放射工作人員進行有效輻射個人劑量監(jiān)測，年劑量范圍在0.568mSv-6.130mSv之間，人平均年有效劑量為1.893mSv。87.5%的人員年均劑量都在2mSv以下，其中80%的人員年均劑量在1mSv以下。1.25%的人員年均劑量高于5mSv。集體劑量為151.410man·mSv，硅鋼廠、冷軋廠、金結(jié)公司、質(zhì)檢中心、研究院年均劑量分別為3.032mSv、1.460mSv、2.438mSv、1.285mSv、1.757mSv (平均值為1.893mSv)。 4.自1980年代以來，武鋼本部及鄂鋼曾先后發(fā)生過4起放射源被盜、失控事件，7起廢鋼來料輻射劑量超標現(xiàn)象。近10年共發(fā)生7起放射性意外事故，事故級別全部為一般輻射事故。運用GM(1,1)得出預測模型對事故數(shù)據(jù)進行擬合，經(jīng)檢驗Ck=0.2059，Pk=1.1000，模型精度較高。對2011年度進行事故預測，結(jié)果為0.94。即根據(jù)預測，如果不采取更有效的預防措施，2011年該車間內(nèi)事故將為0.94起。 5.利用風險評估矩陣法對武鋼放射風險事件進行識別，其大致可分為三類：放射源及放射性物質(zhì)相關事故，，由生產(chǎn)實踐活動所造成的放射風險事件，放射工作人員及公眾人群意外照射事故。其中放射源丟失/被盜、放射性物質(zhì)運輸超標、廢鋼放射性污染三種風險因素風險水平為E-76(極大風險)，放射工作人員職業(yè)照射為H-56(高風險)。 結(jié)論 1.武鋼放射源環(huán)境輻射劑量水平低于國家劑量限值，但種類繁雜，使用頻率高，存在安全隱患，放射防護工作須進一步完善； 2.各涉源單位環(huán)境輻射劑量水平和放射工作人員個人年均劑量低于國家劑量限值(20mSv/年)，其中硅鋼廠人均年有效劑量水平和集體劑量水平最高； 3. GM(1,1)模型預測，如果不采取更有效的預防措施，2011年武鋼事故仍可能有0.94起發(fā)生； 4.鋼鐵企業(yè)放射風險因素復雜、風險控制的難度大。制定針對性強的放射風險防控措施，具體包括健全管理組織機構(gòu)，完善各項規(guī)章制度，加強輻射源防護，強化作業(yè)管理，普及放射工作人員防護意識及健康管理，定期檢查監(jiān)督系統(tǒng)和科學的事故應急處理機制，以保證企業(yè)安全生產(chǎn)是非常必要的。
[Abstract]:objective
Understand the iron and steel enterprises radioactive materials and radiation protection management of the basic situation and history of radioactive accident data, master the environmental radiation dose level and individual absorbed dose level, recognition and mastery of the iron and steel enterprises radiation risk factors, quantitative assessment of radiation risk level, determine the reasonable countermeasures and suggestions and feasible radiation risk prevention and control, to eliminate or reduce the radiation harm, provide scientific basis for enterprises to do the radiation protection work.
Method
The investigation and detection of 1. radiation source: Wuhan Iron and Steel Corporation as the representative enterprises, make investigation into the basic situation of iron and steel enterprises radiation detection table, the name of the related source units, the type of radiation source, radioactive substances, radioactivity and quantity, use, or use of idle status, occupation environment level, radiation survey management system;
2.: the development of occupation hazard evaluation radiation radiation device occupation hazards monitoring work on-site questionnaire, radioactive radiation dose intensity, exposure of personal cumulative radiation dose monitoring of radiation exposure to personnel occupation, investigation of demographic data, may be exposed to radiation accident, where possible, radiation protection knowledge and skills of information;
3., the prediction of radiation accident models: using the radiation accident questionnaire to collect the basic data of radiation accidents in recent 10 years in WISCO, and predict the radiation accidents by GM (1,1) grey model, and then determine the main types and risk levels of radiation risk.
4., radiation risk assessment: Based on the mathematical model of AS/NZS4360:2004 risk assessment index matrix method, based on the establishment of the radiant source database of WISCO, we set up the risk matrix for radiation risk and determine the risk index of different radiation risk according to the corresponding situation in the matrix table.
5. radiation risk management measures in radiation risk assessment basis, according to the People's Republic of China occupation disease prevention law "," People's Republic of China radiation pollution prevention and control law ", the basic standard GB18871-2002< ionizing radiation protection and safety of radiation sources", the public emergency GB/T17982-2000< under nuclear accident by laws and regulations and the health standard dose estimation model and parameter > etc. the iron and steel enterprises, develop radiation safety management system, establish contingency plans for iron and steel enterprises the risk of radiation accidents.
Result
As of December 31, 2009 1., the Department of Hubei and Wuhan Steel Company has a total of 332 radioactive sources, Aoyama headquarters business units in a total use of X ray apparatus and medical accelerator 119. All radioactive sources, radioactive activity ranges from 0.0925GBq to 1.85TGBq, the total 12.289TBq. radionuclide activity category mainly for 60Co, 241Am, 241Am-Be, 85Kr, 137Cs which, 3H-Ti; in 185 of radioactive sources, the total activity of 10.394TBq largest source for the 1.85TBq, the minimum source 0.0925GBq; inventory of radioactive sources 147, the total activity of 1.895TBq, the largest source of 0.185TBq, the minimum source 0.185GBq. all to IV and V source, the total radiation source 91.27%.
2. environmental dose level monitoring, source surface 5cm X- gamma air absorbed dose rate is 0.06-11.81 mu Sv/h; 100cm total air absorbed dose rate in the range of 0.03-66.78 ~ Sv/h, source and sink of surrounding air absorbed dose rate range: 0.11-0.14 ~ Sv/h, an average of 0.124 Sv/h, were lower than the national standard limit dose.
3. of the 80 workers for personal dose monitoring effective radiation dose in the range of 0.568mSv-6.130mSv years, the average annual effective dose for 1.893mSv.87.5% staff annual effective dose was below 2mSv, the staff of 80% people annually at a dose of 1mSv following.1.25% years were higher than that of 5mSv. group dose dose was 151.410man / mSv, the silicon steel factory. Cold rolling mill, the gold company, quality inspection center, research institute annual dose were 3.032mSv, 1.460mSv, 2.438mSv, 1.285mSv, 1.757mSv (average 1.893mSv).
4. since 1980s, the Department of Hubei and Wuhan steel had occurred 4 stolen radioactive sources, control events, 7 scrap incoming radiation dose exceed the standard phenomenon. 7 radioactive accidents occurred in the past 10 years, the level of all accident radiation accidents. The use of GM (1,1) obtained by fitting the data of accident prediction the model, by Ck=0.2059 test, Pk=1.1000 model has higher precision. The accident forecast for the year 2011, according to the prediction results for 0.94., if you do not take effective preventive measures, the 2011 workshop accident will be 0.94.
Identification of radiation risk events were 5. WISCO using the risk assessment matrix method, which can be divided into three categories: radioactive sources and radioactive substances related accidents, radiation risk events caused by production practice, radiation workers and the public. The crowd accident exposure accident lost / stolen radioactive sources, radioactive material transport exceed the standard. Scrap radioactive contamination of three risk factors risk level is E-76 (high risk), occupation of radiation workers was H-56 (high risk).
conclusion
1., the radiation dose level of the radiation sources of WISCO is lower than the national dose limit. However, there are many kinds of problems, such as complex species, high frequency of use, and potential safety hazards.
2., the radiation dose level of each source unit and the personal annual dose of radiation workers are lower than the national dose limit (20mSv/), and the annual effective dose level and the collective dose level of silicon steel plant are the highest.
3. GM (1,1) model predicts that if more effective preventive measures are not taken, there may still be 0.94 incidents in Wuhan Iron and steel company in 2011.
4. iron and steel enterprises radiation risk factors, risk control is difficult. To develop targeted radiation risk prevention and control measures, including: perfecting the management organization, perfecting rules and regulations, strengthen radiation protection, strengthening operation management, popularization of protection consciousness and the health management of radiation workers, the mechanism of accident disposal system and scientific periodical inspection and supervision, to ensure the safe production of enterprises is very necessary.

【學位授予單位】：武漢科技大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：R144

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