本文選題：頸部損傷 + 有限元模型　； 參考：《太原理工大學(xué)》2015年碩士論文

【摘要】：隨著我國(guó)高速公路的飛速發(fā)展，汽車(chē)在高速公路的碰撞事故愈發(fā)頻繁，在道路交通事故中所占的比例逐年升高，而這類(lèi)事故往往因?yàn)槠渚薮蟮臎_擊力給乘員造成了非常嚴(yán)重的傷痛。由于交通事故而導(dǎo)致的人體頭部、胸部和頸部損傷是造成死亡的主要因素。其中，頸部損傷是各種交通事故中普遍見(jiàn)到的損傷類(lèi)型。頸部損傷不但具有致命性，而且通常會(huì)導(dǎo)致傷者伴有長(zhǎng)期的后遺癥。對(duì)于這種由汽車(chē)碰撞引起的頸部損傷，已有一些專(zhuān)家對(duì)其進(jìn)行低速撞擊工況（通常小于等于15km/h）下的研究，得到了一些有用的結(jié)論，然而對(duì)于汽車(chē)在高速撞擊下的頸部損傷卻很少涉及。一方面因?yàn)轭i椎復(fù)雜的解剖結(jié)構(gòu)和生理特性，導(dǎo)致其低速撞擊工況下?lián)p傷機(jī)理仍然難以確定：另一方面，頸椎在高速撞擊工況下會(huì)涉及到破壞失效的問(wèn)題，很難進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證。因此，有必要對(duì)頸部在高速撞擊下的損傷進(jìn)行初步的探究。 目前專(zhuān)家們使用了各種試驗(yàn)和數(shù)學(xué)仿真方法進(jìn)行了頸部損傷機(jī)理研究，但是試驗(yàn)方法的材料昂貴且難于獲取，還受到倫理道德的限制，機(jī)械模型和多剛體模型的生物仿真度較差，而隨著有限元技術(shù)的發(fā)展，有限元模型不但能夠反映人體頸椎詳細(xì)的解剖結(jié)構(gòu)，而且可以模擬頸椎在不同加載條件下的生物力學(xué)響應(yīng)，采用有限元分析方法，是目前比較普遍和成本最低的方法，能夠有效的對(duì)車(chē)輛碰撞事故中的頸部損傷機(jī)理進(jìn)行分析和預(yù)測(cè)。 本文采用醫(yī)院提供的正常國(guó)人50百分位頸部CT掃描數(shù)據(jù)，建立了一個(gè)具有高生物逼真度的人體上頸部有限元模型，通過(guò)對(duì)其進(jìn)行高速（30km/h、60km/h、90km/h、120km/h）撞擊下的模擬研究，分析了高速碰撞下上頸椎的沖擊動(dòng)力響應(yīng)。該模型由皮質(zhì)骨、松質(zhì)骨、小關(guān)節(jié)、韌帶、椎間盤(pán)等組織構(gòu)成，并依據(jù)各部位生理特性及相關(guān)參考文獻(xiàn)，給各部位賦予了不同的材料屬性。通過(guò)兩個(gè)經(jīng)典的實(shí)體試驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證了本模型的有效性。 運(yùn)用建立的有限元模型對(duì)高速碰撞工況下的頸部損傷進(jìn)行了研究，，通過(guò)不同速度條件下的前、后碰撞仿真模擬，分別獲取椎骨、椎間盤(pán)、橫韌帶和小關(guān)節(jié)的力的曲線。通過(guò)對(duì)曲線和應(yīng)力云圖分析并結(jié)合解剖學(xué)對(duì)前、后碰撞工況下產(chǎn)生的頸部損傷部位以及可能的損傷機(jī)理進(jìn)行了分析和預(yù)測(cè)。分析結(jié)果初步揭示了高速前、后碰撞工況下上頸椎各部位的損傷情況，為后續(xù)的高速碰撞研究提供了參考。通過(guò)研究表明，本文所建立的上頸椎模型具有較高的生物仿真度，且具有一定的可靠性，因此模型可用于交通事故中頸部損傷機(jī)理以及各部位損傷分析研究。
[Abstract]:With the rapid development of expressway in our country, the collision accident of automobile in expressway becomes more and more frequent, and the proportion of road traffic accident increases year by year. Such accidents often cause serious injuries to the crew because of their tremendous impact. Head, chest and neck injuries caused by traffic accidents are the main causes of death. Among them, neck injury is a common injury type in various traffic accidents. Neck injuries are not only fatal, but often lead to long-term sequelae. Some experts have studied this kind of neck injury caused by automobile collision at low speed (usually less than 15 km / h) and got some useful conclusions. However, the neck injury caused by high speed impact is rarely involved. On the one hand, because of the complex anatomical structure and physiological characteristics of the cervical spine, it is still difficult to determine the damage mechanism under the low speed impact condition. On the other hand, the damage failure of the cervical spine under the high-speed impact condition will be related to the problem of failure, which is difficult to verify by experiments. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the neck injury at high speed impact. At present, experts have used a variety of experiments and mathematical simulation methods to study the mechanism of neck damage, but the materials of the test methods are expensive and difficult to obtain, and are also restricted by ethics. With the development of finite element technology, the finite element model can not only reflect the detailed anatomical structure of human cervical vertebra, And it can simulate the biomechanical response of cervical vertebrae under different loading conditions. Using finite element analysis method is the most popular and lowest cost method at present. It can effectively analyze and predict the mechanism of neck damage in vehicle collision accident. Based on the CT scan data of 50 percentile neck provided by the hospital, a high biofidelity finite element model of the upper neck of the human body was established, and the simulation study was carried out under the impact of a high speed of 30 km / a / h ~ (60 km / h) / 90 km / h / h ~ (-1) / s ~ (120 km / h). The impact dynamic response of the upper cervical vertebrae under high speed impact was analyzed. The model is composed of cortical bone, cancellous bone, facet joint, ligaments, intervertebral disc and so on. The validity of the model is verified by two classical solid experiments. By using the established finite element model, the neck injury under the condition of high speed impact was studied. The force curves of vertebrae, intervertebral disc, transverse ligament and facet joint were obtained by simulation of anterior and posterior impact under different velocity conditions. By analyzing the curves and stress clouds and combining with anatomy, this paper analyzes and predicts the position of neck injury and the possible damage mechanism under the condition of anterior and posterior impact. The results reveal the injury of the upper cervical vertebrae under the condition of high speed before and after impact, and provide a reference for the study of high speed impact. The results show that the model has high biosimulation and reliability. Therefore, the model can be used to analyze the mechanism of cervical injury in traffic accidents and the damage analysis of different parts.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：太原理工大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：U467.14;R653

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