發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-04-29 07:21

  本文選題：血液成分無(wú)創(chuàng)檢測(cè) + 動(dòng)態(tài)光譜　； 參考：《天津大學(xué)》2014年博士論文

【摘要】：血液成分的無(wú)創(chuàng)檢測(cè)，不僅對(duì)各種疾病的診斷，糖尿病、貧血等慢性疾病的管理，圍手術(shù)期或急診患者的監(jiān)護(hù)具有重要意義，還可以實(shí)現(xiàn)疾病的早期篩查，節(jié)省醫(yī)療資源，促進(jìn)環(huán)保。研究無(wú)創(chuàng)血液成分檢測(cè)可以推動(dòng)無(wú)創(chuàng)生物醫(yī)學(xué)信息傳感、微弱信號(hào)檢測(cè)、基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)以及臨床醫(yī)學(xué)的發(fā)展。光譜技術(shù)以其過(guò)程便捷、無(wú)痛無(wú)創(chuàng)、以及原理上高速、高精度、信息多維化等優(yōu)點(diǎn)，成為最具應(yīng)用前景的檢測(cè)手段。在體光譜檢測(cè)，滿足安全性、舒適性的基礎(chǔ)上，不僅要面臨著信號(hào)微弱、光譜重疊、漂移等因素的影響，還需要克服個(gè)體差異、測(cè)量條件、被測(cè)者心理狀態(tài)變化等不確定因素的影響。因此，提高信噪比是實(shí)現(xiàn)無(wú)創(chuàng)血液成分檢測(cè)的首要目標(biāo)。動(dòng)態(tài)光譜方法，基于透射的光電容積脈搏波，利用動(dòng)脈充盈程度對(duì)光譜吸收的改變來(lái)直接提取多個(gè)波長(zhǎng)下反映動(dòng)脈血液成分的光密度，從理論上降低了個(gè)體差異和測(cè)量條件的影響，相比其他方法具有顯著的優(yōu)勢(shì)。 本文首先介紹了動(dòng)態(tài)光譜的基本原理，在考慮組織特性的基礎(chǔ)上通過(guò)蒙特卡羅仿真（Monte Carlo, MC）獲取不同血紅蛋白濃度下的動(dòng)態(tài)光譜值，并計(jì)算與血紅蛋白濃度的相關(guān)系數(shù)，從而驗(yàn)證了動(dòng)態(tài)光譜方法的可行性；其次通過(guò)搭建的基于光柵光譜儀與溴鎢燈的測(cè)量系統(tǒng)采集實(shí)際臨床數(shù)據(jù)，通過(guò)偏最小二乘方法建立校正模型，實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證了動(dòng)態(tài)光譜方法用于無(wú)創(chuàng)血液成分檢測(cè)的可行性。但測(cè)量精度還有待提高，需要進(jìn)一步提高信號(hào)檢測(cè)與處理中的信噪比，論文主要從以下四個(gè)方面進(jìn)行。 從信號(hào)傳感的角度提高信噪比。對(duì)于數(shù)據(jù)采集系統(tǒng)，通過(guò)MC仿真比較窄平圓光束、寬平圓光束以及寬光纖光束這三種光照條件下動(dòng)態(tài)光譜的差異，進(jìn)而分析由光照方式引入光路徑差異對(duì)動(dòng)態(tài)光譜的影響，在此基礎(chǔ)上獲取兩種實(shí)際光源（溴鎢燈與超連續(xù)激光器）下的動(dòng)態(tài)光譜，驗(yàn)證了仿真結(jié)果，即系統(tǒng)中使用細(xì)光束更有利于提高光電容積脈搏波的靈敏度。對(duì)于數(shù)據(jù)采集方式，提出動(dòng)態(tài)光譜優(yōu)化采集方法“雙采樣”，與傳統(tǒng)方法對(duì)比實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明，，雙采樣方法增加了采集數(shù)據(jù)的動(dòng)態(tài)范圍，顯著提高動(dòng)態(tài)光譜的信噪比，拓寬了光譜采集的波段。 從動(dòng)態(tài)光譜提取的過(guò)程中提高信噪比。通過(guò)理論與實(shí)際提取效果，對(duì)比分析頻域提取法與單沿提取法，結(jié)果驗(yàn)證了兩種方法的一致性與可行性，以及單沿法在去除脈搏波片段干擾的優(yōu)勢(shì)。基于此，結(jié)合兩種方法的優(yōu)勢(shì)，進(jìn)一步提出一種基于快速數(shù)字鎖相算法的提取方法，通過(guò)將信號(hào)分段利用快速的數(shù)字鎖相算法實(shí)時(shí)提取片段動(dòng)態(tài)光譜，在大幅度降低了計(jì)算量的同時(shí)，更有助于剔除無(wú)效數(shù)據(jù)，提高動(dòng)態(tài)光譜的精度。仿真與實(shí)際測(cè)量實(shí)驗(yàn)，充分驗(yàn)證了方法的可行性，評(píng)估了該方法在提取速度與精度上的優(yōu)勢(shì)。 從信號(hào)處理與建模的角度提高信噪比。對(duì)于散射的影響，通過(guò)三種模型的MC仿真分析其影響方式與程度。對(duì)于光譜分析，提出用于研究光譜分析內(nèi)在機(jī)制的編碼方法，并通過(guò)構(gòu)造三種組分混合物質(zhì)的光譜進(jìn)行建模分析闡述方法的實(shí)現(xiàn)過(guò)程。結(jié)果表明，編碼方法能夠用來(lái)分析不同組分吸光度大小關(guān)系對(duì)光譜分析的影響規(guī)律與影響程度，有助于波段優(yōu)選，準(zhǔn)確地把握建模方法的內(nèi)在原理。此外，分析水的吸收峰對(duì)血紅蛋白含量檢測(cè)的影響，實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明建模時(shí)使用的波段覆蓋主要的非測(cè)量成分吸收峰時(shí)能夠提高建模的精度，為降低非目標(biāo)組分的影響、優(yōu)選波段提供了參考。 設(shè)計(jì)了基于LED和DSP的便攜式測(cè)量系統(tǒng)。系統(tǒng)采用光調(diào)制技術(shù)，利用結(jié)合過(guò)采樣的快速數(shù)字鎖相算法實(shí)現(xiàn)八通道光電容積脈搏波的同步高精度測(cè)量，簡(jiǎn)化了外部硬件電路，使得系統(tǒng)更加靈活，便于小型化與低成本化。文中對(duì)所采用的結(jié)合過(guò)采樣的快速鎖相算法進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)的理論分析，通過(guò)仿真與實(shí)測(cè)實(shí)驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證了算法的可行性，評(píng)估其在微弱信號(hào)檢測(cè)中的性能。同時(shí)，將這種快速高精度算法推廣到一般多通道傳感測(cè)量中，并針對(duì)載波頻率設(shè)置、鄰道串?dāng)_等問(wèn)題，提出了一般應(yīng)用中的參數(shù)設(shè)置與實(shí)現(xiàn)方法，使得方法具有普適性。 論文通過(guò)血紅蛋白無(wú)創(chuàng)檢測(cè)驗(yàn)證動(dòng)態(tài)光譜可行性的基礎(chǔ)上，從信號(hào)檢測(cè)、提取、處理與建模分析，以及便攜式檢測(cè)裝置的設(shè)計(jì)這四個(gè)方面提出了一系列的方法與措施提高光譜信號(hào)檢測(cè)的精度與靈敏度，為動(dòng)態(tài)光譜血液成分無(wú)創(chuàng)檢測(cè)建立完整的方法體系，同時(shí)解決在體光譜檢測(cè)、微弱信號(hào)檢測(cè)中的一些共性問(wèn)題，為其他相關(guān)應(yīng)用提供借鑒與參考。
[Abstract]:Noninvasive detection of blood components is of great significance not only to the management of the diagnosis of various diseases, diabetes, anemia and other chronic diseases, but also for the monitoring of the perioperative period or emergency patients. It can also realize early screening of the disease, save medical resources and promote environmental protection. The development of weak signal detection, basic medicine and clinical medicine. Spectral technology has the advantages of convenient process, painless and noninvasive, high speed, high precision, multidimensional information and so on. It has become the most promising detection means. On the basis of body spectrum detection, it is not only faced with weak signal and spectral weight on the basis of safety and comfort. The influence of superposition, drift and other factors also needs to overcome the influence of individual differences, measurement conditions, and changes in the mental state of the subjects. Therefore, improving the signal to noise ratio is the primary goal for the realization of non-invasive blood components detection. To directly extract the light density that reflects the arterial blood components at multiple wavelengths, theoretically reduces the individual difference and the influence of the measurement conditions, and has a significant advantage compared with other methods.
In this paper, the basic principle of dynamic spectroscopy is introduced. The dynamic spectral values of different hemoglobin concentrations are obtained by Monte Carlo simulation (Monte Carlo, MC) on the basis of the characteristics of the tissue, and the correlation coefficient of hemoglobin concentration is calculated, thus the feasibility of the dynamic spectral method is verified. Secondly, the structure based on light is built. The measurement system of the grating spectrometer and the bromo tungsten lamp collects the actual clinical data, and establishes the correction model by the partial least square method. The experimental results further verify the feasibility of the dynamic spectral method for non-invasive blood component detection, but the measurement precision still needs to be improved and the signal to noise ratio in the signal detection and processing needs to be further improved. It should be carried out in the following four aspects.
From the angle of signal sensing, the signal to noise ratio is improved. For data acquisition system, MC simulation is used to compare the difference of dynamic spectrum between narrow flat circular beam, wide flat circular beam and wide optical fiber beam under the three illumination conditions, and then analyze the influence of light path difference on the dynamic spectrum by illumination mode. On this basis, two kinds of actual light sources (bromine) are obtained. The dynamic spectra under the tungsten lamp and the supercontinuous laser verify the simulation results, that is, the use of fine light beams in the system is more conducive to improving the sensitivity of the photoelectric volume pulse wave. For data acquisition, a dynamic spectral optimization acquisition method "double sampling" is proposed. The double sampling method increases the number of sampling numbers with the traditional method. According to the dynamic range, the signal-to-noise ratio of the dynamic spectrum is significantly improved, and the band of spectral acquisition is broadened.
In the process of dynamic spectral extraction, the signal to noise ratio is improved. The results of theoretical and practical extraction are compared and analyzed in frequency domain and single edge extraction. The results verify the consistency and feasibility of the two methods, as well as the advantages of the single edge method in removing the interference of the Mai Bobo fragment. Based on this, we combine the advantages of the two methods to further propose a basis. The method of extracting the fast digital phase locked algorithm, by using the fast digital phase locked algorithm to extract the dynamic spectrum in real time by using the fast digital phase locked algorithm, is more helpful to eliminate the invalid data and improve the accuracy of the dynamic spectrum at the same time. The simulation and actual measurement experiments have fully verified the feasibility of the method and evaluated the feasibility of the method. The advantage of this method is to extract speed and precision.
From the point of view of signal processing and modeling, the influence of signal to noise is improved. The influence mode and degree of the three models are analyzed by the simulation of the three models. For spectral analysis, the coding method used to study the internal mechanism of spectral analysis is put forward, and the realization of the method is realized by constructing the spectrum of the three components of the mixture. The results show that the coding method can be used to analyze the influence of different components of absorbance on spectral analysis and the degree of influence. It is helpful to optimize the wave band and grasp the intrinsic principle of the modeling method. In addition, the influence of the absorption peak of water on the detection of hemoglobin content is analyzed. The experimental results show the wave band used in modeling. The accuracy of modeling can be improved by covering the main absorption peaks of non measured components, providing a reference for reducing the influence of non target components and optimizing wavebands.
A portable measurement system based on LED and DSP is designed. The system uses the optical modulation technology and the fast digital phase locked algorithm combined with over sampling to realize the synchronous high precision measurement of the eight channel optical capacitive pulse wave. It simplifies the external hardware circuit, makes the system more flexible, is convenient for miniaturization and low cost. The fast phase locked algorithm for over sampling is analyzed in detail. The feasibility of the algorithm is verified by the simulation and the measured experiment, and the performance of the algorithm is evaluated in the weak signal detection. At the same time, this fast and high precision algorithm is extended to the general multi-channel sensing measurement, and the problem of carrier frequency setting, adjacent channel crosstalk and so on is proposed. The method of parameter setting and implementation in general application makes the method universal.
The paper proposes a series of methods and measures to improve the accuracy and sensitivity of spectral signal detection on the basis of the feasibility of non invasive detection of hemoglobin to verify the feasibility of dynamic spectrum, from four aspects: signal detection, extraction, processing and modeling analysis, and the design of portable detection devices, which are established for noninvasive detection of dynamic spectral blood components. The complete method system also solves some common problems in in vivo spectrum detection and weak signal detection, and provides reference for other related applications.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：天津大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號(hào)】：R318.04

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