早期蕈樣肉芽腫紫外線光療療前療后臨床、病理和分子生物學(xué)變化的研究
發(fā)布時間:2018-07-29 20:41
【摘要】:目的:通過對24例皮膚T細(xì)胞淋巴瘤(cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, CTCL)中最常見的蕈樣肉芽腫(mycosis fungoides, MF)早期(I A, IB,ⅡA期)患者經(jīng)PUVA和NB-UVB等治療前后臨床分析,同時與國內(nèi)外的文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行對比分析,進(jìn)一步探討光療對蕈樣肉芽腫的有效性和安全性分析。 材料和方法:收集2003年9月至2010年7月期間北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院皮膚科診治的24例經(jīng)病理檢查證實的MF患者。標(biāo)本均為10%福爾馬林固定,常規(guī)脫水、石蠟包埋切片、HE染色、SP法免疫組化染色,PUVA采用waldmann(7001K), NB-UVB采用waldmann(7001)。 回顧性分析患者性別、發(fā)病年齡、TNM分期、治療方法、治療時間、治療次數(shù)、維持治療時間、基因重排、預(yù)后及復(fù)發(fā)等。應(yīng)用SPSS17.0統(tǒng)計軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,P0.05有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。 結(jié)果:男性13例(13/24,54.2%),女性11例(11/24,45.8%),男女比例1.18:1。所有病例標(biāo)本均根據(jù)臨床皮損面積和病理表現(xiàn)并結(jié)合免疫組化確診分級,按照TNM分期標(biāo)準(zhǔn),T1N0M0期6例(25%),TINxMO期1例(4.2%),T2N0M0期15例(62.5%),T2N1M0期1例(4.2%),其中ⅠA期6例(25%),ⅠB期15例(62.5%),ⅡA期3例(12.5%)。平均發(fā)病年齡33.67歲[26.2647~41.0686],平均治療次數(shù)104.5次[75.71~133.29],平均治療時12.875月[9.90~15.85],平均維持治療時間11.08月[2.13~20.04]。其中完全治愈13例(54.2%),部分治愈8例(33.3%),緩解3例(12.5%),無改善0例,惡化0例(0%),復(fù)發(fā)8例(33.3%),使用放射治療3例(12.5%),基因重排(TCR)檢查共6例,其中陽性2例(33.3%),陰性4例(66.7%)。僅采用PUVA治療9例(37.5%),僅NB-UVB治療6例(25%),PUVA治療有效后采用聯(lián)合NB-UVB合用9例(37.5%)。PUVA治療的患者中(n=9),治療有效率(完全緩解+部分緩解)為88.89%,復(fù)發(fā)率為11.11%;NB-UVB治療組中(n=6),治療有效率為100%,復(fù)發(fā)率為33.33%;聯(lián)合治療組中(n=9)有效率為77.78%復(fù)發(fā)率為55.56%。三種治療方法之間治療次數(shù)、治療時間、維持治療時間、有效率和復(fù)發(fā)率無顯著性差異(治療次數(shù)P值=0.132,治療時間P值,,0.675,維持治療時間P值=0.347,有效率P值=0.473,復(fù)發(fā)率P值=0.147,顯著性差異P0.05) 結(jié)論:PUVA和NB-UVB是治療早期MF有效的皮膚靶向治療方法。NB-UVB適合皮損浸潤較淺,病情早期的患者,PUVA更適合皮損浸潤較深,病情較重的患者,而PUVA治療緩解后,再用NB-UVB維持治療的方法可減少UVA的總攝入量,減少了潛在的致癌風(fēng)險。 目的:紫外線光療治療早期MF安全有效,但其治療前后病理改變目前研究較少。通過對24例早期MF患者經(jīng)PUVA和NB-UVB以及聯(lián)合治療前后病理表現(xiàn)的分析,同時與國內(nèi)外的文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行對比分析,進(jìn)一步探討早期MF的病理診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、光療前后病理變化,為早期診斷MF以及光療治療早期MF提供病理上的支持。材料和方法:收集2003年9月至2010年7月期間北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院皮膚科診治的24例經(jīng)病理檢查證實的MF患者光療前后的48分皮膚病理標(biāo)本。標(biāo)本均為10%福爾馬林固定,常規(guī)脫水、石蠟包埋切片、HE染色。 分析和總結(jié)24例早期MF患者在光療前后病理上變化,包括親表皮性、角質(zhì)層變化、表皮變化、炎癥浸潤模式、血管擴張、真皮纖維化、以及其他真皮變化等方面進(jìn)行總結(jié)。應(yīng)用SPSS17.0統(tǒng)計軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,P0.05有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。結(jié)果:治療前后,24例患者48份病理標(biāo)本其表現(xiàn)在淋巴細(xì)胞于表皮Paget樣分布(P0.05)、Pautrier微膿瘍(P0.01)、真皮苔蘚樣浸潤(P0.05)、纖維化(P0.01)及血管擴張(P0.01)等方面上有顯著性差異。 結(jié)論:光療是治療早期MF有效的治療方法。光療可以改變MF親表皮性、真皮浸潤模式、纖維化程度以及血管擴張,在病理學(xué)上,判斷治療是否有效以及描述光療治療早期MF病理變化時應(yīng)注意親表皮性、真皮浸潤模式、纖維化程度以及血管擴張的改變。 目的:通過對光療前后24例早期MF患者皮損中BCL-2、STAT-3、CCL17、CCL27表達(dá)變化的研究,進(jìn)一步檢測光療前后MF腫瘤細(xì)胞的抗凋亡能力,以及表皮趨化因子表達(dá)的變化,研究光療治療早期MF可能的作用機制。 材料和方法:收集2003年9月至2010年7月期間北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院皮膚科診治的24例經(jīng)病理檢查證實的早期MF患者經(jīng)光療治療前后的共48例皮損標(biāo)本。經(jīng)免疫組化染色方法檢測皮損中BCL-2、STAT-3、CCL17、CCL27表達(dá)情況,以正常人眼皮組織作為陰性對照,光鏡下計數(shù)陽性細(xì)胞結(jié)果。 應(yīng)用SPSS17.0統(tǒng)計軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,免疫組化結(jié)果應(yīng)用Pearson卡方檢驗,P0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。 結(jié)果:經(jīng)紫外線治療后,早期MF患者皮損中BCL-2表達(dá)較治療前下降,有顯著性差異(X2=13.195,P0.05);表皮中CCL17和CCL27表達(dá)下降,有顯著性差異(前者X2=8.703,P0.05;后者X2=10.783, P0.05); STAT3在淋巴細(xì)胞中表達(dá)陽性率下降,但無統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異(X2=2.421,P0.05);在表皮中表達(dá)下降,有顯著性差異(X2=8.171,P0.05)。 結(jié)論:紫外線光療療法可能通過以下機制對早期MF起治療作用:下調(diào)BCL-2的表達(dá),而促進(jìn)皮損內(nèi)腫瘤細(xì)胞的凋亡;并通過下調(diào)表皮內(nèi)趨化因子的表達(dá),抑制淋巴細(xì)胞向表皮內(nèi)浸潤;通過抑制細(xì)胞信號轉(zhuǎn)錄和活化,促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞的凋亡。應(yīng)用紫外線光療療法對早期MF進(jìn)行姑息療法是有效的治療方法。 目的:采用實時熒光定量PCR方法檢測早期MF經(jīng)紫外線光療前后患者BCL-2/IgH融合基因拷貝數(shù)的變化及其與復(fù)發(fā)和療效的關(guān)系,探討紫外線光療可能的作用機制。 材料和方法:提取本研究中入組的24例早期MF患者經(jīng)紫外線光療治療前后的石蠟包埋組織中DNA,以預(yù)實驗中陽性表達(dá)者為陽性對照,蒸餾水為空白對照,正常人為陰性對照,經(jīng)實時熒光定量PCR方法檢測治療前后BCL-2/IgH拷貝數(shù)量的變化,并與復(fù)發(fā)和療效進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計學(xué)分析,探討紫外線光療治療早期MF療效和疾病轉(zhuǎn)歸的關(guān)系和光療可能的作用機制。 結(jié)果:早期MF患者在治療前后皮損組織中BCL-2/IgH融合基因的相對表達(dá)值(△CT)P0.05,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義;治療前后BCL-2/IgH上調(diào)或下調(diào)與復(fù)發(fā)及療效之間相關(guān)性無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。 結(jié)論:紫外線光療治療早期MF可以下調(diào)BCL-2蛋白表達(dá)可能具有其他的非特異性途徑,而不是通過減少BCL-2/IgH融合基因的拷貝數(shù)調(diào)節(jié)。
[Abstract]:Objective: to further explore the effectiveness of phototherapy on mycosis fungoides by comparing and analyzing the clinical analysis of the most common cutaneous fungoides (MF) patients (I A, IB, A phase) in 24 cases of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) (I A, IB, MF). Analysis of sex and safety.
Materials and methods: 24 MF patients in the Department of Dermatology of Peking Union Medical College Hospital from September 2003 to July 2010 were collected and confirmed by pathological examination. All the specimens were 10% formalin fixed, routine dehydration, paraffin embedded section, HE staining, SP immunohistochemical staining, Waldmann (7001K), NB-UVB with Waldmann (7001).
Retrospective analysis of patients' sex, age of onset, TNM stage, treatment method, time of treatment, times of treatment, maintenance time, gene rearrangement, prognosis and recurrence, and so on. The application of SPSS17.0 statistics software for data analysis, P0.05 has statistical significance.
Results: 13 male cases (13/24,54.2%) and 11 women (11/24,45.8%). All cases of male and female 1.18:1. cases were classified according to clinical skin lesion area and pathological manifestation combined with immunohistochemistry. According to the standard of TNM staging, 6 cases (25%) in T1N0M0 stage, 1 cases (4.2%) in TINxMO stage, 15 in T2N0M0 phase (62.5%), 1 in T2N1M0 phase (4.2%), of which 6 cases of stage I A (25%), There were 15 cases (62.5%) in phase I B and 3 cases (12.5%) in phase II A. The average age of onset was 33.67 years [26.2647 to 41.0686], and the average number of times of treatment was 104.5 [75.71 to 133.29]. The average treatment was 12.875 months [9.90 to 15.85], and the average maintenance time was 11.08 months [2.13 ~ 20.04]., of which 13 cases (54.2%) were completely cured and 8 cases (33.3%) were cured partly, and 3 cases (12.5%) were relieved and no improvements were made. There were 0 cases (0%), 8 cases (33.3%), 3 cases (12.5%) and 6 cases of gene rearrangement (TCR), of which 2 were positive (33.3%), and 4 (66.7%) were negative. Only 8 cases (37.5%) were treated with PUVA only, and only NB-UVB was used in 8 cases. The effective treatment was effective (n=9). Total remission + partial remission) was 88.89%, the recurrence rate was 11.11%, NB-UVB treatment group (n=6), the effective rate of treatment was 100%, the recurrence rate was 33.33%; the rate of 77.78% recurrence rate of the combined treatment group (n=9) was the number of treatment times, the time of treatment, the time of maintenance, the treatment time, the treatment time, the treatment time, the treatment time, the treatment time, the treatment time, the treatment time, the treatment time, the treatment time, the treatment time, the treatment time, the rate of treatment and the recurrence rate, there was no significant difference between the treatment group and the recurrence rate. Times P value =0.132, treatment time P value, 0.675, maintenance treatment time P value =0.347, effective P value =0.473, recurrence rate P value =0.147, significant difference P0.05)
Conclusion: PUVA and NB-UVB are effective skin targeting therapy for early MF..NB-UVB is suitable for skin lesions with shallow lesions. In early patients, PUVA is more suitable for patients with deeper and heavier lesions. After PUVA treatment, NB-UVB maintenance therapy can reduce the total intake of UVA and reduce the potential carcinogenic risk.
Objective: ultraviolet phototherapy for early MF is safe and effective, but the pathological changes of the early MF patients are seldom studied. Through the analysis of the pathological manifestations of 24 early MF patients before and after PUVA and combined treatment, and compared with the literature at home and abroad, the pathological diagnostic criteria of early MF, pathology before and after phototherapy are further explored. Change, provide pathological support for early diagnosis of MF and early phototherapy MF. Materials and methods: collect 48 skin pathological specimens of 24 cases of MF patients before and after phototherapy confirmed by pathology in the Department of Dermatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital from September 2003 to July 2010. All specimens were 10% formalin fixation, routine dehydration, paraffin paraffin Buried slices, HE staining.
Analysis and summary of 24 cases of early MF patients before and after phototherapy pathological changes, including pro epidermis, cuticle changes, epidermal changes, inflammatory infiltration patterns, vascular dilatation, dermis fibrosis, and other dermal changes are summarized. The application of SPSS17.0 statistical software for data analysis, P0.05 has statistical significance. Results: before and after treatment, 2 48 pathological specimens of 4 patients showed significant differences in lymphocytes from epidermal Paget like distribution (P0.05), Pautrier microabscess (P0.01), dermal moss like infiltration (P0.05), fibrosis (P0.01) and vasodilatation (P0.01).
Conclusion: phototherapy is an effective treatment for early MF. Phototherapy can change the epidermis of MF, the mode of dermal infiltration, the degree of fibrosis, and vasodilatation. In pathology, it is necessary to judge whether the treatment is effective and to describe the pathological changes of MF in the early stage of phototherapy, and should pay attention to the epidermis, the model of dermal infiltration, the degree of fibrosis and the vasodilation. Chang's change.
Objective: to further detect the anti apoptosis ability of MF tumor cells before and after phototherapy and the changes of the expression of epidermal chemotactic factor before and after phototherapy, and to study the possible mechanism of early phototherapy for the treatment of MF in 24 cases of early MF patients' skin lesions before and after phototherapy.
Materials and methods: 24 cases of early MF patients in the Department of Dermatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, from September 2003 to July 2010, were treated with pathological examination, and 48 cases of skin lesions were collected before and after phototherapy. The BCL-2, STAT-3, CCL17, CCL27 in the skin lesions were detected by immunohistochemical staining, and the normal human eyelid tissue was used as negative. The results of positive cells were counted under light microscope.
SPSS17.0 statistical software was used for data analysis. Immunohistochemical results were analyzed by Pearson chi square test, and P0.05 was statistically significant.
Results: after the treatment of ultraviolet radiation, the expression of BCL-2 in the skin lesions of early MF patients decreased significantly (X2=13.195, P0.05), and the expression of CCL17 and CCL27 in the epidermis decreased significantly (the former X2=8.703, P0.05; the latter X2=10.783, P0.05), and STAT3 in the lymphocyte, but there was no statistical difference (X2=2.421) (P0.05), there was significant difference in the epidermis (X2=8.171, P0.05).
Conclusion: UV phototherapy may play a therapeutic role in early MF by lowering the expression of BCL-2 and promoting the apoptosis of tumor cells in skin lesions, and inhibiting the infiltration of lymphocytes into the epidermis by lowering the expression of chemokines in the epidermis, and promoting the apoptosis of tumor cells by inhibiting cell signal transcription and activation. The application of ultraviolet phototherapy to palliative treatment of early MF is an effective treatment.
Objective: to detect the changes in the copy number of the BCL-2/IgH fusion gene of the early MF patients before and after ultraviolet phototherapy, and to explore the possible mechanism of the possible action of UV phototherapy by real time fluorescence quantitative PCR.
Materials and methods: 24 early MF patients in this study were extracted from the paraffin embedded tissues of DNA before and after ultraviolet phototherapy. The positive controls were positive in the pre experiment, the distilled water was the blank control and the normal human negative control. The changes of the number of BCL-2/IgH copies before and after the treatment were detected by real time fluorescence quantitative PCR method. And the recurrence and curative effect were statistically analyzed to explore the relationship between the efficacy of ultraviolet phototherapy and the prognosis of early MF, and the possible mechanism of phototherapy.
Results: the relative expression of BCL-2/IgH fusion gene (delta CT) P0.05 in the skin lesions of early MF patients was not statistically significant. There was no statistically significant correlation between the up-regulation and down regulation of BCL-2/IgH before and after treatment.
Conclusion: the early MF can reduce the expression of BCL-2 protein with other non specific pathways, not by reducing the copy number of the BCL-2/IgH fusion gene.
【學(xué)位授予單位】:北京協(xié)和醫(yī)學(xué)院
【學(xué)位級別】:博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】:2011
【分類號】:R739.5
本文編號:2153954
[Abstract]:Objective: to further explore the effectiveness of phototherapy on mycosis fungoides by comparing and analyzing the clinical analysis of the most common cutaneous fungoides (MF) patients (I A, IB, A phase) in 24 cases of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) (I A, IB, MF). Analysis of sex and safety.
Materials and methods: 24 MF patients in the Department of Dermatology of Peking Union Medical College Hospital from September 2003 to July 2010 were collected and confirmed by pathological examination. All the specimens were 10% formalin fixed, routine dehydration, paraffin embedded section, HE staining, SP immunohistochemical staining, Waldmann (7001K), NB-UVB with Waldmann (7001).
Retrospective analysis of patients' sex, age of onset, TNM stage, treatment method, time of treatment, times of treatment, maintenance time, gene rearrangement, prognosis and recurrence, and so on. The application of SPSS17.0 statistics software for data analysis, P0.05 has statistical significance.
Results: 13 male cases (13/24,54.2%) and 11 women (11/24,45.8%). All cases of male and female 1.18:1. cases were classified according to clinical skin lesion area and pathological manifestation combined with immunohistochemistry. According to the standard of TNM staging, 6 cases (25%) in T1N0M0 stage, 1 cases (4.2%) in TINxMO stage, 15 in T2N0M0 phase (62.5%), 1 in T2N1M0 phase (4.2%), of which 6 cases of stage I A (25%), There were 15 cases (62.5%) in phase I B and 3 cases (12.5%) in phase II A. The average age of onset was 33.67 years [26.2647 to 41.0686], and the average number of times of treatment was 104.5 [75.71 to 133.29]. The average treatment was 12.875 months [9.90 to 15.85], and the average maintenance time was 11.08 months [2.13 ~ 20.04]., of which 13 cases (54.2%) were completely cured and 8 cases (33.3%) were cured partly, and 3 cases (12.5%) were relieved and no improvements were made. There were 0 cases (0%), 8 cases (33.3%), 3 cases (12.5%) and 6 cases of gene rearrangement (TCR), of which 2 were positive (33.3%), and 4 (66.7%) were negative. Only 8 cases (37.5%) were treated with PUVA only, and only NB-UVB was used in 8 cases. The effective treatment was effective (n=9). Total remission + partial remission) was 88.89%, the recurrence rate was 11.11%, NB-UVB treatment group (n=6), the effective rate of treatment was 100%, the recurrence rate was 33.33%; the rate of 77.78% recurrence rate of the combined treatment group (n=9) was the number of treatment times, the time of treatment, the time of maintenance, the treatment time, the treatment time, the treatment time, the treatment time, the treatment time, the treatment time, the treatment time, the treatment time, the treatment time, the treatment time, the treatment time, the rate of treatment and the recurrence rate, there was no significant difference between the treatment group and the recurrence rate. Times P value =0.132, treatment time P value, 0.675, maintenance treatment time P value =0.347, effective P value =0.473, recurrence rate P value =0.147, significant difference P0.05)
Conclusion: PUVA and NB-UVB are effective skin targeting therapy for early MF..NB-UVB is suitable for skin lesions with shallow lesions. In early patients, PUVA is more suitable for patients with deeper and heavier lesions. After PUVA treatment, NB-UVB maintenance therapy can reduce the total intake of UVA and reduce the potential carcinogenic risk.
Objective: ultraviolet phototherapy for early MF is safe and effective, but the pathological changes of the early MF patients are seldom studied. Through the analysis of the pathological manifestations of 24 early MF patients before and after PUVA and combined treatment, and compared with the literature at home and abroad, the pathological diagnostic criteria of early MF, pathology before and after phototherapy are further explored. Change, provide pathological support for early diagnosis of MF and early phototherapy MF. Materials and methods: collect 48 skin pathological specimens of 24 cases of MF patients before and after phototherapy confirmed by pathology in the Department of Dermatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital from September 2003 to July 2010. All specimens were 10% formalin fixation, routine dehydration, paraffin paraffin Buried slices, HE staining.
Analysis and summary of 24 cases of early MF patients before and after phototherapy pathological changes, including pro epidermis, cuticle changes, epidermal changes, inflammatory infiltration patterns, vascular dilatation, dermis fibrosis, and other dermal changes are summarized. The application of SPSS17.0 statistical software for data analysis, P0.05 has statistical significance. Results: before and after treatment, 2 48 pathological specimens of 4 patients showed significant differences in lymphocytes from epidermal Paget like distribution (P0.05), Pautrier microabscess (P0.01), dermal moss like infiltration (P0.05), fibrosis (P0.01) and vasodilatation (P0.01).
Conclusion: phototherapy is an effective treatment for early MF. Phototherapy can change the epidermis of MF, the mode of dermal infiltration, the degree of fibrosis, and vasodilatation. In pathology, it is necessary to judge whether the treatment is effective and to describe the pathological changes of MF in the early stage of phototherapy, and should pay attention to the epidermis, the model of dermal infiltration, the degree of fibrosis and the vasodilation. Chang's change.
Objective: to further detect the anti apoptosis ability of MF tumor cells before and after phototherapy and the changes of the expression of epidermal chemotactic factor before and after phototherapy, and to study the possible mechanism of early phototherapy for the treatment of MF in 24 cases of early MF patients' skin lesions before and after phototherapy.
Materials and methods: 24 cases of early MF patients in the Department of Dermatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, from September 2003 to July 2010, were treated with pathological examination, and 48 cases of skin lesions were collected before and after phototherapy. The BCL-2, STAT-3, CCL17, CCL27 in the skin lesions were detected by immunohistochemical staining, and the normal human eyelid tissue was used as negative. The results of positive cells were counted under light microscope.
SPSS17.0 statistical software was used for data analysis. Immunohistochemical results were analyzed by Pearson chi square test, and P0.05 was statistically significant.
Results: after the treatment of ultraviolet radiation, the expression of BCL-2 in the skin lesions of early MF patients decreased significantly (X2=13.195, P0.05), and the expression of CCL17 and CCL27 in the epidermis decreased significantly (the former X2=8.703, P0.05; the latter X2=10.783, P0.05), and STAT3 in the lymphocyte, but there was no statistical difference (X2=2.421) (P0.05), there was significant difference in the epidermis (X2=8.171, P0.05).
Conclusion: UV phototherapy may play a therapeutic role in early MF by lowering the expression of BCL-2 and promoting the apoptosis of tumor cells in skin lesions, and inhibiting the infiltration of lymphocytes into the epidermis by lowering the expression of chemokines in the epidermis, and promoting the apoptosis of tumor cells by inhibiting cell signal transcription and activation. The application of ultraviolet phototherapy to palliative treatment of early MF is an effective treatment.
Objective: to detect the changes in the copy number of the BCL-2/IgH fusion gene of the early MF patients before and after ultraviolet phototherapy, and to explore the possible mechanism of the possible action of UV phototherapy by real time fluorescence quantitative PCR.
Materials and methods: 24 early MF patients in this study were extracted from the paraffin embedded tissues of DNA before and after ultraviolet phototherapy. The positive controls were positive in the pre experiment, the distilled water was the blank control and the normal human negative control. The changes of the number of BCL-2/IgH copies before and after the treatment were detected by real time fluorescence quantitative PCR method. And the recurrence and curative effect were statistically analyzed to explore the relationship between the efficacy of ultraviolet phototherapy and the prognosis of early MF, and the possible mechanism of phototherapy.
Results: the relative expression of BCL-2/IgH fusion gene (delta CT) P0.05 in the skin lesions of early MF patients was not statistically significant. There was no statistically significant correlation between the up-regulation and down regulation of BCL-2/IgH before and after treatment.
Conclusion: the early MF can reduce the expression of BCL-2 protein with other non specific pathways, not by reducing the copy number of the BCL-2/IgH fusion gene.
【學(xué)位授予單位】:北京協(xié)和醫(yī)學(xué)院
【學(xué)位級別】:博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】:2011
【分類號】:R739.5
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