【摘要】：骨質(zhì)疏松是一種鈣、磷等礦物質(zhì)從骨骼中流失所導(dǎo)致的病癥，不易治療，預(yù)防診斷很重要。我國(guó)由于人口基數(shù)大、老齡化加劇等因素尤其嚴(yán)重，所以需要一種簡(jiǎn)單方便、行之有效的診斷手段。超聲學(xué)方法無(wú)輻射、廉價(jià)，在醫(yī)療領(lǐng)域的各個(gè)方面都得到了廣泛的應(yīng)用。超聲背散射方法能夠計(jì)算出骨小梁的相關(guān)參數(shù)，蘊(yùn)含豐富的微結(jié)構(gòu)信息，潛力非常大。 本文研究如何有效的從超聲背散射信號(hào)中提取平均骨小梁間距，主要工作包括： 首先，論證了超聲在松質(zhì)骨中傳播的散射聲學(xué)模型，建立了圓柱體模型和球體模型，分析了背散射信號(hào)與骨小梁間距的關(guān)系，提出在SSA方法基礎(chǔ)上應(yīng)用編碼激勵(lì)技術(shù)，以期能夠提高SSA方法的準(zhǔn)確性。 然后，實(shí)現(xiàn)了超聲背散射測(cè)量系統(tǒng)，包含前端和后端兩部分，前端包括發(fā)射接收電路，基于FPGA的主控部分，編寫了邏輯程序并仿真驗(yàn)證；后端包括采集卡和上位機(jī)，以及界面和后端信號(hào)處理程序。系統(tǒng)可用于超聲波信號(hào)的發(fā)射與接收，并自動(dòng)保存數(shù)據(jù)。 其次，建立了骨組織仿真模型，模擬骨小梁結(jié)構(gòu)和探頭的發(fā)射與接收。變換骨組織的的相關(guān)參數(shù)，驗(yàn)證SSA方法的魯棒性，然后在包含噪聲的情況下發(fā)射編碼信號(hào)，驗(yàn)證編碼激勵(lì)技術(shù)能否提高該方法的準(zhǔn)確性。 最后，進(jìn)行了離體骨樣本實(shí)驗(yàn)，采用SSA方法對(duì)超聲背散射信號(hào)進(jìn)行重構(gòu)并分析，之后對(duì)比編碼發(fā)射的計(jì)算結(jié)果，說(shuō)明SSA方法及編碼激勵(lì)技術(shù)在超聲背散射信號(hào)的測(cè)量中具有較高的可行性。
[Abstract]:Osteoporosis is a disease caused by the loss of calcium, phosphorus and other minerals from the bone. Because of the large population base and the aggravation of aging, China needs a simple, convenient and effective diagnostic method. Ultrasonic methods are radiation-free and inexpensive, and have been widely used in various fields of medicine. Ultrasonic backscattering method can calculate the relevant parameters of bone trabeculae, which contains abundant microstructural information and has great potential. This paper studies how to extract the mean trabecular spacing effectively from ultrasonic backscattering signal. The main work includes: firstly, the acoustic model of ultrasonic scattering in cancellous bone is demonstrated, and the cylindrical model and spherical model are established. The relationship between backscatter signal and bone trabecular spacing is analyzed. Based on the SSA method, the coded excitation technique is proposed to improve the accuracy of the SSA method. Then, the ultrasonic backscattering measurement system is realized, which includes the front end and the back end. The front end includes the transmitting and receiving circuit, the main control part based on FPGA, the logic program and the simulation verification, the back end includes the data acquisition card and the upper computer. And interface and back-end signal processor. The system can be used to transmit and receive ultrasonic signals and save data automatically. Secondly, a bone tissue simulation model is established to simulate the transmission and reception of the trabecular structure and the probe. The robustness of the SSA method is verified by transforming the relevant parameters of bone tissue. Then the coding signal is transmitted under the condition of noise to verify whether the coding excitation technology can improve the accuracy of the method. Finally, in vitro bone sample experiment, SSA method is used to reconstruct and analyze the ultrasonic backscatter signal, and then the calculated results of coded emission are compared. It shows that SSA method and coded excitation technique are more feasible in ultrasonic backscatter signal measurement.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號(hào)】：R445.1;R580

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