【摘要】：中國以僅占世界7%的耕地養(yǎng)活占世界22%的人口,保障糧食安全一直是我國首要的任務(wù)。近年來,隨著人們生活水平的提高,人們對(duì)肉、蛋、奶等食品的需求不斷增長(zhǎng),帶來了我國對(duì)牧草資源更多的需求,每年需要進(jìn)口大量的飼料糧與牧草,甚至出現(xiàn)了人畜爭(zhēng)糧和人畜爭(zhēng)地的現(xiàn)象,糧食安全問題尤為突出。同時(shí),農(nóng)作物秸稈是一種重要的生物質(zhì)資源,全世界年產(chǎn)約40億噸,中國每年產(chǎn)出約8.2億噸,其中有將近2.15億噸被隨意丟棄或焚燒,造成資源浪費(fèi)和環(huán)境污染。如能將農(nóng)作物秸稈制作成較為優(yōu)質(zhì)的飼料替代牧草供家畜食用,轉(zhuǎn)化為人們?nèi)粘Ｋ璧氖称?不僅能夠節(jié)約資源,保護(hù)環(huán)境,還能緩解糧食安全問題。秸稈替代牧草作為飼料由于其木質(zhì)素含量高且木質(zhì)素對(duì)纖維素有很強(qiáng)的包裹作用,致使雖然其總能值接近于干草,但是其可吸收的營養(yǎng)價(jià)值只相當(dāng)于干草的一半。已有的研究結(jié)果表明,通過對(duì)秸稈的蒸爆處理可以有效降解秸稈的纖維成分,顯著破壞木質(zhì)素對(duì)纖維素的包裹作用,使反當(dāng)動(dòng)物對(duì)秸稈的采食量和消化吸收率都有明顯地提高。本文在深入查閱國內(nèi)外相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)和李彬等人首次將蒸爆技術(shù)用于處理水稻秸稈飼料的研究基礎(chǔ)上,以提高水稻秸稈酶解后還原糖產(chǎn)量為目標(biāo),對(duì)已有的蒸爆處理工藝進(jìn)行了優(yōu)化,把蒸爆的恒壓保壓過程設(shè)計(jì)為保壓蒸煮和爆破前升壓兩個(gè)階段,并分別進(jìn)行控制,采用響應(yīng)曲面分析法研究了保壓蒸煮壓力、保壓蒸煮時(shí)間和爆破前壓力3個(gè)因素對(duì)水稻秸稈酶解后還原糖產(chǎn)量的影響;將水稻秸稈按照露天貯存、棚舍貯存、一般青貯、半干青貯及氨化貯存5種不同的方式貯存,然后對(duì)水稻秸稈的各種貯存方式隨貯存時(shí)間變化對(duì)其蒸爆前飼用價(jià)值的影響進(jìn)行了研究;將水稻秸稈按照露天貯存、棚舍貯存、一般青貯、半干青貯及氨化貯存5種不同的方式貯存,然后對(duì)水稻秸稈的各種貯存方式隨貯存時(shí)間變化對(duì)其蒸爆后飼用價(jià)值的影響進(jìn)行了研究。主要研究結(jié)果如下:(1)水稻秸稈蒸爆處理工藝優(yōu)化試驗(yàn)。保壓蒸煮壓力、保壓蒸煮時(shí)間、爆破前壓力對(duì)水稻秸稈酶解后還原糖產(chǎn)量的影響均顯著。隨著保壓蒸煮壓力和爆破前壓力的增加,水稻秸稈酶解后還原糖產(chǎn)量明顯提高;隨著保壓蒸煮時(shí)間的增加,水稻秸稈酶解后還原糖產(chǎn)量提高。在保證蒸爆處理后秸稈飼料的感官特性前提下,在保壓蒸煮壓力為1.6MPa、保壓蒸煮時(shí)間為140s、爆破前壓力為2.2MPa時(shí),水稻秸稈酶解后還原糖產(chǎn)量最高,為37.48%,是原蒸爆工藝條件下的1.87倍。改進(jìn)與優(yōu)化后的蒸爆處理工藝能明顯提高水稻秸稈酶解后還原糖產(chǎn)量。(2)貯存方式隨貯存時(shí)間變化對(duì)水稻秸稈蒸爆前飼用價(jià)值的影響試驗(yàn)。從蒸爆前飼用價(jià)值看,水稻秸稈最佳的貯存方式為氨化貯存,其次為一般青貯,再次為半干青貯,然后是棚舍貯存,最后是露天貯存;同時(shí)水稻秸稈飼用價(jià)值變化主要發(fā)生在貯存前期。(3)貯存方式隨貯存時(shí)間變化對(duì)水稻秸稈蒸爆后飼用價(jià)值的影響試驗(yàn)。從蒸爆后飼用價(jià)值看,水稻秸稈經(jīng)一般青貯或者氨化貯存后再經(jīng)蒸爆處理秸稈形態(tài)不再完整,近乎粉末狀,已不再適合作為反芻動(dòng)物的飼料;水稻秸稈半干青貯后再進(jìn)行蒸爆處理,在常規(guī)營養(yǎng)成分、還原糖產(chǎn)量以及適口性方面均好于棚舍貯存,棚舍貯存好于露天貯存;水稻秸稈半干青貯后有助于強(qiáng)化蒸爆提高酶解后還原糖產(chǎn)量的效果。
[Abstract]:China, with only 7% of the world's arable land, provides for 22% of the world's population, and that food security is the primary task of our country. In recent years, with the improvement of people's living standard, the demand for food such as meat, eggs, milk and the like is increasing, which brings more demand for forage resources in China, The issue of food security is particularly acute. At the same time, the crop straw is an important biomass resource. The annual output of the crop straw is about 4 billion tons, and the output of China is about 800 million tons per year, of which nearly 2. 15 billion tons have been discarded or burned at will, resulting in resource waste and environmental pollution. for example, the crop straw can be made into higher-quality feed instead of the herbage for the domestic animal to eat, and the food can be converted into the food for people to daily use, so that the resource can be saved, the environment is protected, and the food security problem can be relieved. The straw is used as a feed, because the lignin content is high and the lignin has a strong wrapping effect on the cellulose, so that the straw can be absorbed by only half of the hay, although the total value of the straw is close to the hay. The results of the research show that the straw's fiber component can be effectively degraded by the steam explosion treatment of the straw, and the wrapping effect of the lignin on the cellulose is obviously destroyed, so that the feed intake and the digestion absorption rate of the straw are obviously improved. In this paper, on the basis of deep reference to the domestic and foreign literature and Li Bin's research on the treatment of rice straw feed for the first time, to improve the yield of reducing sugar after the enzymolysis of rice straw, the existing steam explosion treatment technology has been optimized. The constant-pressure water-retaining process of steaming and explosion was designed to be the two stages of pressure-saving cooking and pre-blasting step-up, and the control was carried out. The effect of pressure, pressure, cooking time and three factors of pre-blasting pressure on the yield of reducing sugar after the enzymolysis of rice straw was studied by the response surface analysis method. The rice straw was stored in open-air storage, shed storage, general ensilage, semi-dry ensilage and ammoniation storage in five different ways, and then the effects of various storage methods of rice straw on the value of pre-steaming and pre-explosion of rice straw were studied. The rice straw was stored in open-air storage, shed storage, general ensilage, semi-dry ensilage and ammoniation storage in five different ways, and then the effects of various storage methods of rice straw on the value of storage time of rice straw were studied. The main results are as follows: (1) The optimization test of rice straw steaming and explosion treatment process. The effect of pressure, pressure, cooking time and pre-blasting pressure on the yield of reducing sugar after the enzymolysis of rice straw was significant. With the increase of the pressure of the pressure and the pre-burst pressure, the yield of reducing sugar after the enzymatic hydrolysis of the rice straw is obviously improved, and the yield of the reducing sugar is improved after the enzymolysis of the rice straw with the increase of the time of the pressure-saving cooking. Under the premise of ensuring the sensory characteristics of the straw feed after the steaming and explosion treatment, the yield of the reducing sugar after the enzymolysis of the rice straw is the highest at the pressure of 1. 6MPa, the pressure and the cooking time of 140s, the pre-blast pressure is 2.2MPa, and the yield of the reducing sugar after the enzymolysis of the rice straw is 37. 48%, which is 1.87 times of that of the original steam explosion process. the improved and optimized steam explosion treatment process can obviously improve the yield of reducing sugar after the enzymolysis of the rice straw. (2) The effect of storage method with storage time on the value of rice straw pre-burst feeding. The best storage mode of rice straw is ammoniation storage, and the second is the general ensilage, which is the semi-dry ensilage, and then is stored in the shed, and finally is stored in the open air; at the same time, the change of the value of the rice straw feed mainly occurs in the storage period. (3) The effect of storage method on the value of rice straw steaming and explosion after steaming and explosion. the rice straw is no longer suitable for being used as a feed for ruminants after the rice straw is stored in general ensiling or ammoniated storage, and the rice straw is no longer suitable for being used as a feed for ruminants; after the rice straw is semi-dry ensilage, the steaming and explosion treatment is carried out, and in the conventional nutritional components, the yield and the palatability of the reducing sugar are good in the storage of the shed, and the shed is stored in the open air; and after the semi-dry silage of the rice straw, the effect of improving the yield of the reducing sugar after the enzymatic hydrolysis is enhanced.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：南京農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：S816

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