【摘要】：放牧是天然草原的主要利用方式,也是草原管理的重要手段。采食行為是放牧生態(tài)學(xué)研究的核心,草原生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中群落特征影響家畜的食性選擇,家畜的采食又反作用于群落,家畜與植物之間具有密切的相互作用。本文以內(nèi)蒙古錫林郭勒典型草原為例,通過設(shè)置輕度、中度和重度三個放牧梯度和牛羊單牧與混牧三種放牧方式,系統(tǒng)分析不同放牧強度與放牧方式對家畜食性的影響,這一研究對深入揭示放牧生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中動-植物相互關(guān)系及草地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的可持續(xù)管理有一定的理論意義和應(yīng)用價值。主要研究結(jié)論如下:1)放牧強度顯著影響主要種群相對生物量及群落多樣性。大針茅的相對生物量隨放牧強度增加而顯著增加,羊草顯著降低;SimPson指數(shù)、Shannon-wiener指數(shù)、Pielou均勻度等多樣性指數(shù)均隨著放牧強度的增加而顯著降低。2)相同牧壓梯度下,3種放牧方式對主要種群相對生物量及群落多樣性沒有顯著影響。與對照相比,所有放牧方式大針茅的相對生物量均顯著增加,而羊草顯著降低;SimPson指數(shù)、Shannon-wiener指數(shù)、Pielou均勻度等多樣性指數(shù)顯著降低。各主要種群的相對生物量及上述多樣性指數(shù)各放牧方式間均無顯著差異。3)不同放牧強度與放牧方式下,牛羊食譜有明顯差異,其中羊主要采食羊草、知母、糙隱子草等,而牛采食大針茅比例較高。隨著放牧強度的增加綿羊采食大針茅的比例增加,而采食羊草的比例降低。4)放牧強度與放牧方式對牛羊的選擇性采食有一定的影響。輕牧、中牧條件下,綿羊都較喜食羊草和知母,不喜食大針茅;重牧條件下,羊草由嗜食變?yōu)樯偈?大針茅由可食變?yōu)橄彩�。大針茅在羊單牧�(xí)r羊不喜食,牛羊混牧?xí)r成為喜食或可食,而牛在不同的放牧方式均喜食;羊草不論何種放牧方式牛羊均喜食。5)放牧強度、放牧方式及放牧?xí)r期顯著影響綿羊和牛對羊草的采食方式,且二者具有交互作用。牛、羊?qū)ρ虿莸牟墒撤绞街饕匀ロ敽驼~為主,去頂率牛單牧顯著低于羊單牧和牛羊混牧,但不受放牧強度的影響;摘葉率、拔心率隨著放牧強度的增加而顯著增加,但不受放牧方式的影響。去頂率隨著放牧?xí)r期的延續(xù)先顯著降低后顯著增加,摘葉率不同放牧強度變化規(guī)律與其相同,不同放牧方式變化規(guī)律與其相反;拔心率不受放牧?xí)r期的影響。
[Abstract]:Grazing is the main use of natural grassland, and also an important means of grassland management. Grazing behavior is the core of grazing ecology research. The community characteristics in grassland ecosystem affect the feeding choice of livestock, and the feeding behavior of livestock counteracts to the community, and there is close interaction between livestock and plant. Taking the typical grassland of Xilinguole, Inner Mongolia as an example, the effects of different grazing intensities and grazing patterns on the feeding habits of domestic animals were systematically analyzed by setting three gradients of light, moderate and severe gradients and three grazing modes of cattle and sheep single grazing and mixed grazing. This study has certain theoretical significance and application value in revealing the relationship between animal and plant in grazing ecosystem and sustainable management of grassland ecosystem. The main results were as follows: (1) grazing intensity significantly affected the relative biomass and community diversity of the main population. The relative biomass of Stipa grandis increased significantly with the increase of grazing intensity. The diversity index of Shannon-wiener index and Pielou evenness of Leymus chinensis decreased significantly with the increase of grazing intensity. 2) under the same grazing pressure gradient, three grazing patterns had no significant effect on the relative biomass and community diversity of the main population. Compared with the control, the relative biomass of Stipa grandis increased significantly in all grazing methods, while the diversity index such as Shannon-wiener index and Pielou evenness index of Leymus chinensis decreased significantly. There was no significant difference in relative biomass and diversity index among the main populations. 3) under different grazing intensities and grazing patterns, the diets of cattle and sheep were significantly different. However, the proportion of fescue fed by cattle was higher. With the increase of grazing intensity, the proportion of sheep feeding on Stipa grandis increased, while the proportion of sheep fed on Leymus chinensis decreased by 4. 4) the grazing intensity and grazing mode had a certain effect on the selective feeding of cattle and sheep. Light grazing, medium grazing conditions, sheep prefer to eat Leymus chinensis and Anemarrhena, do not like to eat Stipa grandiflora; heavy grazing conditions, Leymus chinensis from diet to eat less, from edible to like to eat. When the fescue was single grazing, the sheep did not like to eat, but when the cattle and the sheep were mixed, they liked to eat or could eat, while the cattle liked to eat in different grazing ways; the grazing intensity of the sheep and cattle was 5. 5% regardless of the grazing method. Grazing patterns and grazing periods significantly affected the feeding patterns of sheep and cattle on Leymus chinensis, and they had interaction. The feeding pattern of cattle and sheep on Leymus chinensis was mainly to remove the top and pick the leaves. The rate of single grazing of cattle was significantly lower than that of sheep and sheep, but it was not affected by the grazing intensity, and the rate of picking leaves and the heart rate of pull-out increased with the increase of grazing intensity. But it is not affected by the way of grazing. With the extension of grazing period, the topping rate decreased significantly and then increased significantly, and the change law of different grazing intensity was the same as that of different grazing intensity, but the change law of different grazing mode was opposite, and the heart rate was not affected by the grazing period.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：內(nèi)蒙古大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：S823;S826

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