【摘要】：我國是養(yǎng)羊大國,羊肉市場(chǎng)巨大,羊肉每年總產(chǎn)量在世界羊肉總產(chǎn)量中都占據(jù)重要的地位。近年來,隨著國內(nèi)消費(fèi)能力的提高,消費(fèi)者更加注重羊肉品質(zhì)。肌內(nèi)脂肪作為評(píng)判肉品質(zhì)的一個(gè)重要因素,能夠直接影響羊肉的嫩度、多汁性、以及風(fēng)味等與肉品質(zhì)相關(guān)的感官評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo),因而提高肌內(nèi)脂肪含量和分布可以改善肉品質(zhì),提高羔羊肉的食用品質(zhì)。甜菜堿作為甲基供體,能夠提供用于機(jī)體內(nèi)合成肉堿、肌酸等物質(zhì)的甲基,并且具有調(diào)整家禽脂肪分布、提高育肥豬肌內(nèi)脂肪含量,提高肌肉大理石紋評(píng)分的作用。本試驗(yàn)旨在研究過瘤胃甜菜堿對(duì)3-5月齡以及9-10月齡不同生長階段湖羊的生產(chǎn)性能以及脂肪沉積的影響,為生產(chǎn)上進(jìn)行肉羊修飾育肥提供理論和基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)。研究內(nèi)容主要包括:試驗(yàn)一、飼糧中添加過瘤胃甜菜堿對(duì)3-5月齡湖羊生長性能和體脂肪沉積的影響。試驗(yàn)采用單因子隨機(jī)分組試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì),研究日糧中添加過瘤胃甜菜堿對(duì)3-5月齡湖羊公羔的生長性能、屠宰性能、肉品質(zhì)和脂肪沉積等指標(biāo)的影響。試驗(yàn)選用24只體重21.74±2.54 kg的湖羊公羔,隨機(jī)分成3組,分別為對(duì)照組,甜菜堿(Betaine,Bet)組和過瘤胃甜菜堿(Rumen protected betaine,RPB)組,每組8只,對(duì)照組飼喂基礎(chǔ)飼糧,Bet組飼喂在基礎(chǔ)飼糧干物質(zhì)(Dry matter,DM)基礎(chǔ)上添加1.6 g/kg Bet的試驗(yàn)飼糧,RPB組飼喂在基礎(chǔ)飼糧DM基礎(chǔ)上添加2.9 g/kgRPB的試驗(yàn)飼糧。試驗(yàn)預(yù)飼期7天,正飼期61天。研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn):1)添加Bet和RPB對(duì)于生長性能各指標(biāo)沒有顯著的影響(P0.05)。2)RPB組的瘤胃pH值顯著高于對(duì)照組和Bet組(P0.05),添加Bet有提高總VFA濃度的趨勢(shì)(0.05P0.10),Bet組的乙酸比例和乙丙比顯著高于對(duì)照組和RPB組(P0.05),而對(duì)于NH3-N濃度、丙酸和丁酸的比例差異不顯著(P0.05)。3)添加Bet和RPB對(duì)血液生化指標(biāo)以及血液中的脂代謝激素含量沒有顯著的差異(P0.05)。4)添加Bet和RPB對(duì)各種養(yǎng)分的表觀消化率均沒有顯著的影響(P0.05)。5)日糧中添加Bet和RPB除能極顯著影響瘤胃比例(P0.01)外,對(duì)屠宰性能及其余的器官指數(shù)沒有顯著的影響(P0.05)。6)對(duì)于背最長肌,添加Bet和RPB極顯著降低失水率,且極顯著提高肉色a(P0.01)。RPB組的剪切力顯著低于對(duì)照組和Bet組(P0.05);對(duì)于臀中肌,RPB組的剪切力最低,顯著低于Bet組(P0.05)。Bet組pH24h顯著高于其他組(P0.05),而RPB組肉色a極顯著高于其他組(P0.01);對(duì)于股外側(cè)肌,各項(xiàng)肉品質(zhì)指標(biāo)差異不顯著(P0.05)。通過肉品質(zhì)指標(biāo)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化評(píng)分可得,對(duì)照組背最長肌肉質(zhì)最差,RPB組肌肉肉質(zhì)最好,尤其是背最長肌肉。7)添加Bet和RPB對(duì)背膘厚度、腹脂重、腎周脂肪重、肌內(nèi)脂肪含量沒有顯著的影響(P0.05)。8)對(duì)于背最長肌的脂肪酸組成,Bet組的C16:0和C16:1N7的比例顯著低于其他組(P0.05),而C17:0的比例顯著高于對(duì)照組(P0.05)。RPB組C20:2的比例顯著低于對(duì)照組(P0.05),而C20:3N3顯著低于Bet組(P0.05)。添加RPB顯著降低PUFA的比例(P0.05),且具有降低n-6PUFA的趨勢(shì)(0.05P0.10)。相比于Bet組,RPB組n-3 PUFA的比例以及PUFA/SFA顯著降低(P0.05)。試驗(yàn)二、飼糧中添加過瘤胃甜菜堿對(duì)9-10月齡湖羊生長性能和體脂肪沉積的影響。試驗(yàn)采用單因子隨機(jī)分組試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì),研究日糧中添加過瘤胃甜菜堿對(duì)9-10月齡湖羊公羔的生長性能、屠宰性能、肉品質(zhì)和脂肪沉積等指標(biāo)的影響。試驗(yàn)選用15只體重45.91±4.39 kg的湖羊公羔,隨機(jī)分成3組,分別為對(duì)照組,Bet組和RPB組,每組5只,對(duì)照組飼喂基礎(chǔ)飼糧,Bet組飼喂在基礎(chǔ)飼糧DM基礎(chǔ)上添加1.6 g/kg Bet的試驗(yàn)飼糧,RPB組飼喂在基礎(chǔ)飼糧DM基礎(chǔ)上添加2.9 g/kg RPB的試驗(yàn)飼糧。試驗(yàn)預(yù)飼期7天,正飼期35天。研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn):1)添加Bet和RPB對(duì)生長性能各指標(biāo)沒有顯著的影響(P0.05)。2)添加Bet和RPB可以顯著增加乙酸比例(P0.05),并且RPB可以顯著增加丙酸比例(P0.05),各試驗(yàn)組之間氨氮濃度、pH、總揮發(fā)性脂肪酸濃度和丁酸比例及乙丙比都無顯著差異(P0.05)。3)RPB血清中Urea含量顯著高于對(duì)照組和Bet(P0.05)。與對(duì)照組相比,Bet組和RPB組CHO有顯著升高的趨勢(shì)(0.05P0.10),B組與RPB組HDL顯著高于對(duì)照組(P0.05)。但是Bet和RPB對(duì)血液中白蛋白、總蛋白、葡萄糖、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白膽固醇作用不顯著(P0.05)。4)添加Bet和RPB對(duì)CP、DM、OM和EE種養(yǎng)分的消化率均無顯著的影響(P0.05)。但是Bet組NDF、ADF有顯著升高的趨勢(shì)(0.05P0.10)。5)RPB有增加試驗(yàn)羊屠宰率的趨勢(shì)(0.05P0.10),并且RPB可以極顯著降低后腿重(P0.01),Bet和RPB都可以顯著增加網(wǎng)胃重(P0.05),但是Bet和RPB對(duì)其他屠宰性能指標(biāo)及其他器官指數(shù)均無顯著的影響(P0.05)6)與對(duì)照組和Bet相比,RPB組臀中肌pH24h有顯著增高的趨勢(shì)(0.05P0.10),但是添加Bet和RPB對(duì)其他肉品質(zhì)均無顯著變化(P0.05)7)RPB組內(nèi)脂率顯著高于Bet組(P0.05),且RPB組有顯著升高皮下脂肪重的趨勢(shì)(0.05P0.10);各組之間背膘厚、腹脂重、內(nèi)臟脂肪重、尾重和IMF含量等脂肪沉積指標(biāo)差異不顯著(P0.05)。8)RPBt可以顯著提高棕檁油酸C16:1N7(P0.05),但Bet和RPB對(duì)其他脂肪酸均無顯著影響(P0.05)。結(jié)論:1)在3-5月齡階段,Bet和RPB都可以促進(jìn)瘤胃的發(fā)育,并且有改善湖羊肉質(zhì)的作用,且RPB可以在一定程度上提高此階段湖羊背最長肌肌內(nèi)脂肪的含量,Bet可以顯著降低腹脂占胴體重比例。2)在9-10月齡階段,RPB有顯著增加屠宰率的趨勢(shì),并且Bet和RPB都可以在一定程度上重新分配脂肪的分布,增加背最長肌肌內(nèi)脂肪含量和機(jī)體總脂肪含量,但對(duì)肉品質(zhì)無顯著影響。3)綜上:在3-5月齡幼齡階段添加RPB更適宜調(diào)控肉品質(zhì)和改善胴體脂肪分布,是生產(chǎn)中利用RPB進(jìn)行湖羊修飾育肥的有效時(shí)期。
[Abstract]:China is a big sheep big country, mutton market is huge, and the annual total output of mutton occupies an important position in the total production of mutton in the world. In recent years, with the improvement of domestic consumption ability, consumers pay more attention to the quality of mutton. As an important factor in judging meat quality, intramuscular fat can directly affect the tenderness, juicy, and the meat of mutton. Flavor and other sensory evaluation indexes related to meat quality, thus increasing the content and distribution of intramuscular fat can improve the meat quality and improve the eating quality of lamb. As a methyl donor, betaine can provide methyl for the synthesis of carnitine, creatine and other substances in the body, and can adjust the distribution of fowl fat and improve the intramuscular fat of fattening pigs. The purpose of this experiment was to study the effects of ruminal betaine on the production performance and the fat deposition of sheep in 3-5 months and 9-10 months of age, and to provide theoretical and basic data for the production of mutton fattening. Effects of rumen betaine on growth performance and body fat deposition in 3-5 month old lake sheep. The experiment was designed to study the effects of ruminal betaine on growth performance, slaughter performance, meat quality and fat deposition in the diet of 3-5 month old lake sheep with single factor randomized block trial. 24 lakes with weight of 21.74 + 2.54 kg were selected in the experiment. Sheep lambs were randomly divided into 3 groups: the control group, the Betaine (Bet) group and the Rumen protected betaine (RPB) group, each group, and the control group fed the basal diet. The Bet group fed on the basic diet dry matter (Dry matter, DM) on the basis of the Dry matter (DM) and added 1.6 g/kg Bet. Experimental diet supplemented with 2.9 g/kgRPB for 7 days and 61 days in positive feeding period. The results showed that 1) the addition of Bet and RPB had no significant effect on the growth performance (P0.05).2) the pH value of the rumen of the RPB group was significantly higher than that of the control group and the Bet group (P0.05), and the addition of Bet was the trend to increase the total VFA concentration, the proportion of acetic acid and the ethylene propylene (EPR) in the group. Compared with the control group and the RPB group (P0.05), there was no significant difference in the proportion of NH3-N, propionic acid and butyric acid (P0.05).3). There was no significant difference between Bet and RPB on blood biochemical indexes and the content of lipid metabolic hormones in blood (P0.05).4) adding Bet and RPB on the apparent digestibility of various nutrients (P0.05). The addition of Bet and RPB in the diet significantly affected the rumen ratio (P0.01), and had no significant effect on the slaughter performance and the remaining organ index (P0.05).6). For the longest muscle of the dorsi, the addition of Bet and RPB significantly decreased the loss of water, and significantly increased the shear force of the meat a (P0.01).RPB group significantly lower than that of the control group and Bet group (P0.05); for the buttocks. The shear force of the muscle, RPB group was the lowest, significantly lower than the group Bet (P0.05).Bet group pH24h significantly higher than the other groups (P0.05), while the RPB group was significantly higher than the other groups (P0.01); for the lateral femoris, the meat quality index difference was not significant (P0.05). The longest muscle mass of the control group was the worst, RPB group muscle meat. The quality was best, especially the longest muscle.7 in the back. Bet and RPB were added to the back fat thickness, abdominal fat weight, peri renal fat weight, and intramuscular fat content (P0.05).8). The proportion of C16:0 and C16:1N7 in the Bet group was significantly lower than that of the other groups (P0.05), while the ratio of C17:0 was significantly higher than that of the control group (P0.05).RPB group. The proportion of C20:3N3 was significantly lower than that of the control group (P0.05), but the proportion of RPB was significantly lower than that of the Bet group (P0.05). The proportion of PUFA decreased significantly (P0.05) and the trend of n-6PUFA decreased (0.05P0.10). Compared to the Bet group, the RPB group n-3 percentage and decreased significantly. Two, the diet of ruminal betaine was added to the 9-10 month old lake sheep. Effects of long performance and body fat deposition. The experiment was designed to study the effects of ruminal betaine on growth performance, slaughter performance, meat quality and fat deposition in 9-10 months old lake lamb with single factor randomized block test. 15 sheep lambs with weight of 45.91 + 4.39 kg were randomly divided into 3 groups, respectively. The control group, Bet group and RPB group, 5 in each group, the control group fed the basal diet, the Bet group fed the basal diet DM on the basis of the diet of 1.6 g/kg Bet, and the RPB group fed the experimental diet with 2.9 g/kg RPB on the basis of the basal diet DM. The experimental pre feeding period was 7 days, and the positive feeding period was 35 days. The results were found as follows: Bet and RPB were added to the growth performance. The index did not significantly affect (P0.05).2) adding Bet and RPB can significantly increase the proportion of acetic acid (P0.05), and RPB can significantly increase the ratio of propionic acid (P0.05). There is no significant difference between the concentration of ammonia nitrogen, pH, total volatile fatty acid concentration and the proportion of butyric acid and EPR (P0.05).3) between the experimental groups (P0.05).3) RPB serum Urea content is significantly higher than the control group and the control group. Bet (P0.05). Compared with the control group, CHO in Bet group and RPB group increased significantly (0.05P0.10). HDL in B group and RPB group was significantly higher than that in control group (P0.05). But Bet and RPB were added to the blood albumin, total protein, glucose, triglyceride, low density lipoprotein cholesterol. There was no significant effect (P0.05). But the trend of NDF and ADF in group Bet was significantly higher (0.05P0.10).5) RPB had a tendency to increase the slaughter rate of sheep (0.05P0.10), and RPB significantly reduced the weight of the hind legs (P0.01). Bet and RPB could significantly increase the weight of the stomach, but they were used for other slaughter performance indicators and other organs. There was no significant effect (P0.05) 6) 6) compared with the control group and Bet, the pH24h of the gluteus medius in the RPB group was significantly higher (0.05P0.10), but the addition of Bet and RPB had no significant changes in the other meat quality (P0.05) 7) in the RPB group, the lipid rate in the RPB group was significantly higher than that in the Bet group (P0.05), and the tendency to increase the fat weight of the subcutaneous fat in the RPB group was significantly higher than that in the RPB group; Thickness, abdominal fat weight, visceral fat weight, tail weight and IMF content were not significantly different (P0.05).8) RPBt can significantly improve the brown purlin oleic acid C16:1N7 (P0.05), but Bet and RPB have no significant effect on other fatty acids (P0.05). Conclusion: 1) in the 3-5 month age, Bet and RPB can promote the development of rumen, and improve the meat quality of lake sheep. Effect, and RPB can improve the content of intramuscular fat in the longest muscle of sheep back to a certain extent, Bet can significantly reduce the proportion of abdominal fat to the carcass weight of.2) in the 9-10 months of age, RPB has a significant increase in slaughter rate, and Bet and RPB can redistribute the fat distribution to a certain extent and increase the intramuscular fat of the dorsi dorsi muscle. Content and total body fat content, but no significant effect on meat quality.3) comprehensively: adding RPB at the young age of 3-5 months is more suitable for regulating meat quality and improving the carcass fat distribution, which is an effective period for the use of RPB to modify the fattening of the sheep.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：揚(yáng)州大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：S826.5

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