【摘要】：肉牛養(yǎng)殖業(yè)是新疆畜牧業(yè)的主導(dǎo)產(chǎn)業(yè)之一,南疆阿克蘇地區(qū)和北疆伊犁、塔城地區(qū)是新疆肉牛養(yǎng)殖業(yè)的主產(chǎn)區(qū),南疆肉牛養(yǎng)殖主要以農(nóng)區(qū)養(yǎng)殖模式為主,而北疆大多采用暖季放牧冷季舍飼的養(yǎng)殖模式。飼料等養(yǎng)殖投入品的衛(wèi)生質(zhì)量與畜產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全關(guān)系密切,但新疆肉牛養(yǎng)殖業(yè)中飼料衛(wèi)生質(zhì)量特別是受微生物污染狀況缺乏系統(tǒng)研究,背景不清,為了解南北疆地區(qū)肉牛飼料衛(wèi)生狀況,本研究開展了如下研究:1.以阿克蘇地區(qū)、伊犁和塔城地區(qū)肉牛養(yǎng)殖場(chǎng)為對(duì)象,采集了秕殼、精料、秸稈、混合飼料、干草、青貯等6大類飼料及原料樣品共422份,按照中華人民共和國(guó)國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)GB/T18869-2002規(guī)定的飼料中大腸菌群的測(cè)定方法,對(duì)其進(jìn)行了測(cè)定,并對(duì)不同地區(qū)(南、北疆)、不同季節(jié)(冬、夏兩季)和不同養(yǎng)殖模式(集約化養(yǎng)殖、個(gè)體散養(yǎng)戶)飼料大腸桿菌污染進(jìn)行了比較。2.采集上述肉牛養(yǎng)殖場(chǎng)飼料、糞源樣品進(jìn)行大腸桿菌分離鑒定,采用多價(jià)O抗原平板凝集試驗(yàn)進(jìn)行多價(jià)血清型分型,并進(jìn)一步采用多重PCR方法對(duì)其毒力基因(stx1、stx2、eae)進(jìn)行了檢測(cè)分析。實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果如下:1.飼料大腸菌群總體陽性檢出率為67.0%。各類飼料的陽性率從高到低依次是:秕殼類87.8%、精料類78.9%、秸稈類76.3%、混合飼料類73%、干草類52.1%、青貯料為陰性;從南北疆不同肉牛養(yǎng)殖場(chǎng)比較而言,主要飼料及其原料均呈現(xiàn)不同程度的大腸菌群污染,南北疆之間污染程度無可比性;從季節(jié)方面,北疆牛場(chǎng)夏季飼料樣品中大腸菌群總陽性檢出率為58.6%,冬季為10%,夏季污染大于冬季。而南疆夏季肉牛飼料大腸菌群總陽性檢出率為44.7%,其中以精料、秸稈的陽性檢出率最高,二者均超過50%。而南疆冬季肉牛飼料大腸菌群平均陽性檢出率為64%,其中以混合飼料和精料為最高,二者也均超過50%。南疆肉牛養(yǎng)殖場(chǎng)不同季節(jié)的飼料大腸菌群污染都較高;從不同養(yǎng)殖模式比較而言,集約化肉牛場(chǎng)與散養(yǎng)模式間的飼料大腸菌群平均陽性檢出率分別為46.3%和47%,無明顯差異,但從共同擁有的飼料原料看,前者的精料污染較重,而后者的干草污染較重。2.從飼料樣品中分離鑒定出的77株大腸桿菌中有59株鑒定出多價(jià)血清型,優(yōu)勢(shì)多價(jià)血清型有O5和O19(檢出率均為11.86%),其次是多價(jià)抗原血清O16(10.17%),此外多價(jià)O抗原血清O14、O15、O18較多,檢出率6%。而從糞源分離鑒定出的205株大腸桿菌中有123株鑒定出多價(jià)血清型,優(yōu)勢(shì)多價(jià)血清型有O5和O6,檢出率分別為13.82%和10.57%,此外多價(jià)O抗原血清型O4、O13、O14、O17、O20較多,檢出率均5%;毒力基因檢測(cè)結(jié)果顯示48株大腸桿菌攜帶毒力基因,其中毒力基因stx1的檢出率是43.7%,毒力基因stx2的檢出率是45.8%,毒力基因eae的檢出率為37.5%。分析比較發(fā)現(xiàn)O抗原多價(jià)血清型與大腸桿菌毒力基因之間存在著相關(guān)性。比較養(yǎng)殖場(chǎng)中飼料源和糞源大腸桿菌的多價(jià)血清和毒力基因發(fā)現(xiàn)彼此有交叉重復(fù),需要重視飼料中致病性大腸桿菌的污染。本研究結(jié)果為肉牛飼料微生物污染風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估提供了科學(xué)數(shù)據(jù),為肉牛飼料微生物污染限量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)制定奠定了基礎(chǔ)。
[Abstract]:Beef cattle breeding is one of the leading industries in Xinjiang animal husbandry. Akesu area in southern Xinjiang and Yili in Northern Xinjiang and Tacheng are the main producing areas of beef cattle breeding in Xinjiang. The quality and safety of the products are closely related, but the lack of systematic research on the quality of feed hygiene in Xinjiang beef cattle breeding industry, especially by microorganism pollution, is not clear. In order to solve the health status of beef cattle feed in the southern and northern areas, the following study was carried out in this study. 1. the cattle farms in Akesu area, Yili and Tacheng area were collected as the object. 6 major types of feed and raw materials, such as husks, fine materials, straw, mixed feed, hay and silage, were measured in 422 parts. According to the determination method of coliform in the feed of People's Republic of China national standard GB/T18869-2002, it was determined in different areas (south, North Xinjiang), different seasons (winter, summer two season) and different culture mode (Intensive Culture). The feed of Escherichia coli in feed was compared with.2.. The animal feed was collected and the fecal samples were isolated and identified. The multivalent O antigen flat agglutination test was used to classify the multivalent serotype, and the multiple PCR method was used to detect the virulence gene (stx1, Stx2, EAE). The results are as follows: 1. the positive rate of 1. feed coliform group is that the positive rate of all kinds of feed is from high to low: 87.8% of husks, 78.9% of fine material, 76.3% of straw, 73% for mixed feed, 52.1% for hay and negative in silage; the main feed and its raw materials are different from the different beef and cattle breeding fields in the north and the south. The degree of coliform contamination was not comparable. From the seasonal aspect, the positive detection rate of coliform in the feed samples in the North Xinjiang cattle farm was 58.6%, the winter was 10% and the summer pollution was greater than the winter. The total positive rate of coliform bacteria in the summer beef cattle was 44.7% in southern Xinjiang, and the positive detection rate of the semen and straw in the southern Xinjiang cattle was 44.7%. The average positive rate of coliform bacteria of feed coliform in southern Xinjiang was higher than 50%., and the average positive rate of coliform bacteria was 64% in southern Xinjiang in winter. The mixed feed and fine material were the highest, and the two were higher than that of 50%. South Xinjiang beef cattle breeding farm in different seasons. The average positive rates of the positive feed coliform group were 46.3% and 47%, but there was no significant difference. But from the common feed raw material, the former was more polluted, and the hay pollution of the latter was more heavy.2. from 77 strains of Escherichia coli isolated and identified from the feed samples, and the dominant polyvalent serotypes were O5 and O19. The output rate was 11.86%), followed by the polyvalent antigen serum O16 (10.17%), in addition, the polyvalent O antigen serum O14, O15, O18 were more, the detection rate was 6%. and the 205 strains of Escherichia coli isolated from the fecal source identified the polyvalent serotype, the dominant polyvalent serotypes were O5 and O6, the detection rate was 13.82% and 10.57% respectively, and the polyvalent O antigen serotype O4, O13 The detection rates of O14, O17 and O20 were all 5%, and the results of virulence gene detection showed that 48 strains of Escherichia coli were carrying virulence genes, of which the detection rate of virulence gene stx1 was 43.7%, the detection rate of virulence gene Stx2 was 45.8%, and the detection rate of virulence gene EAE was 37.5%. analysis and found that there existed between O anti original polyvalent serotype and Escherichia coli virulence gene. This study provides scientific data for the risk assessment of microbial contamination in beef feed and lays a foundation for the establishment of the standard of microbial contamination limit for beef cattle feed. Set the foundation.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：新疆農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：S852.61

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