本文選題：草地 + 管理方式��； 參考：《內(nèi)蒙古農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)》2015年碩士論文

【摘要】：錫林河流域是我國(guó)北方重要的生態(tài)保護(hù)屏障,但隨著自然氣候變化和經(jīng)濟(jì)內(nèi)驅(qū)力的影響,水土流失和荒漠化問題突顯,草地生產(chǎn)能力下降,草畜矛盾日益尖銳。本論文以內(nèi)蒙古錫林河流域典型草原上人為擾動(dòng)草地、天然放牧草地、圍封草地為材料,探究三種管理方式對(duì)草地植被、土壤及其風(fēng)蝕的影響,以期揭示不同草地管理方式下植被、土壤及土壤風(fēng)蝕的特點(diǎn),為草地管理方式提供理論依據(jù)及科學(xué)指導(dǎo),實(shí)現(xiàn)生態(tài)效益與經(jīng)濟(jì)效益平衡。試驗(yàn)得出以下結(jié)論：(1)在草地植被方面,人為擾動(dòng)使得草地內(nèi)植被高度、蓋度、物種種數(shù)、植被多樣性等指標(biāo)下降,植被的生活型單一,一年生草本占據(jù)了優(yōu)勢(shì)地位。天然放牧使得草地內(nèi)植被群落的物種多樣、均勻度、優(yōu)勢(shì)度、豐富度下降,植物的物種種類共10種,分屬于菊科、藜科、禾本科、鳶尾科,其中藜科的植物最多。圍封措施增加了草地的物種數(shù),群落的多樣性、豐富度、均勻度以及優(yōu)勢(shì)度上升,并且多年生草本的優(yōu)勢(shì)度顯著增加,群落以羊草、冰草、糙隱子草、冷蒿、克氏針茅為優(yōu)勢(shì)物種。隨著圍封年限的增加,植被蓋度、高度、群落生態(tài)優(yōu)勢(shì)度增加,而物種種數(shù)、多樣性指數(shù)、豐富度指數(shù)以及均勻度指數(shù)下降,草地群落成為了具有單優(yōu)和寡優(yōu)勢(shì)種的群落。(2)在草地土壤方面,人為擾動(dòng)使得草地表層土壤中粒徑較大的顆粒含量增加,粒徑較小的顆粒含量、0-15cm層土壤含水量、有機(jī)質(zhì)含量以及緊實(shí)度降低。天然放牧使得0～15cm層土壤粒徑0.250mm的顆粒百分含量是31%,細(xì)沙百分含量為32%,極細(xì)沙百分含量為21%；0～15cm層土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)含量為13.11g,/kg。采取圍封措施后土壤各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)均優(yōu)于天然放牧草地,具體表現(xiàn)為表層土壤中粒徑較大的顆粒百分含量小,較小粒徑的顆粒百分含量大,且隨著圍封年限的增加土壤中細(xì)粒物質(zhì)百分含量增加。(3)在草地土壤風(fēng)蝕方面,人為擾動(dòng)使得地表粗糙度降低,采取圍封措施后地表粗糙度增加,且圍封12年草地地表粗糙度最大；同一風(fēng)蝕過程中近地表0～50cm范圍內(nèi)人為擾動(dòng)草地、天然放牧草地、圍封3年草地以及圍封12年草地的輸沙量呈降低趨勢(shì),且以圍封12年草地的風(fēng)蝕程度最小。
[Abstract]:Xilin River Basin is an important ecological protection barrier in the north of China, but with the influence of natural climate change and economic driving force, the problems of soil and water loss and desertification are highlighted, the production capacity of grassland decreases, and the contradiction between grass and livestock becomes more and more acute. In this paper, the effects of three management methods on grassland vegetation, soil and wind erosion were studied by using artificial disturbance grassland, natural grazing grassland and enclosed grassland in Xilin River Basin, Inner Mongolia. In order to reveal the characteristics of vegetation, soil and soil wind erosion under different grassland management methods, to provide theoretical basis and scientific guidance for grassland management, and to achieve the balance between ecological and economic benefits. The following conclusions are drawn as follows: (1) in the aspect of grassland vegetation, artificial disturbance makes the vegetation height, coverage, species number and vegetation diversity decrease, the vegetation life type is single, and annual herbaceous plants occupy the dominant position. Natural grazing resulted in diversity, evenness, dominance and richness of vegetation community in grassland. There were 10 species of plants, belonging to Compositae, Chenopodiaceae, Gramineae, Iridaceae, among which Chenopodiaceae was the most. The number of species, the diversity, richness, evenness and dominance of the community were increased, and the dominance of perennial herbaceous was significantly increased. The community was composed of Leymus chinensis, Icegrass, Herba Sagittifolia, Artemisia frigida, and Artemisia frigida. Stipa Kirschsoni is the dominant species. With the increase of envelop life, vegetation coverage, height, ecological dominance of community increased, but species number, diversity index, richness index and evenness index decreased. Grassland community became the community with single dominant species and oligopoly species. (2) in grassland soil, artificial disturbance increased the content of larger particles in the surface layer of grassland, and the soil moisture content in the layer of 0-15 cm layer with smaller particle size. Organic matter content and compactness decreased. Natural grazing resulted in the content of soil particle fraction of 0.250mm in 0~15cm layer is 31%, the content of fine sand is 32%, and the content of soil organic matter is 13.11 g / kg in the layer of 21 ~ 0 ~ 15 cm layer of extremely fine sand. The indexes of soil were better than those of natural grazing grassland after the enclosed measures were adopted, which showed that the percentage content of the larger particles in the surface soil was smaller than that of the smaller ones, and the content of the smaller particles in the surface soil was higher than that in the natural grazing grassland. And with the increase of encapsulation years, the percentage of fine particles in soil increased. 3) in the aspect of grassland soil wind erosion, the surface roughness was decreased by artificial disturbance, and the surface roughness increased after the adoption of enclosure measures. The surface roughness of the enclosed grassland for 12 years was the largest, and the sediment transport rate of the artificial disturbance grassland, the natural grazing grassland, the enclosed grassland for 3 years and the enclosed grassland for 12 years showed a decreasing trend during the same wind erosion process in the range of 0~50cm near the surface. The degree of wind erosion was the lowest in enclosed grassland for 12 years.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：內(nèi)蒙古農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：S812

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本文編號(hào)：1937243