本文選題：放牧 + 焚燒��； 參考：《蘭州大學(xué)》2015年碩士論文

【摘要】：放牧是草地主要利用方式,焚燒是草地管理的常用措施之一,二者均可對(duì)草地植物病害產(chǎn)生顯著影響。本研究在吉林省長(zhǎng)嶺縣種馬場(chǎng),東北師范大學(xué)松嫩草原研究站進(jìn)行。2013和2014連續(xù)兩年在植物生長(zhǎng)季研究了綿羊不同放牧強(qiáng)度和春末焚燒等條件下草地植物病害的發(fā)生規(guī)律,所獲主要結(jié)果如下。1、共發(fā)現(xiàn)10屬12種病原真菌引致11種植物的19種病害,其中最常見(jiàn)的病害是白粉病、銹病,分別有6和3種植物發(fā)生病害。發(fā)生病害最普遍的植物為禾本科、豆科、菊科和蓼科,分別發(fā)現(xiàn)病害10種、4種、4種和1種。當(dāng)?shù)刈畛Ｒ?jiàn)的病害是羊草(Leymus chinensis)斑點(diǎn)病(Ascochyta sp.)、羊草葉斑病(Phyllosticta sp.)。2、初步認(rèn)定11種病害為吉林省植物病害新記錄。它們是虎尾草(Chloris virgata)黑痣病(Phyllachora graminis)、蘆葦(Phragmites australis)葉斑病(Exserohilum sp.)和葉斑病(Septoria sp.)、獐茅(Aeluropus litthoralis)白粉病(Oidium sp.)、拂子茅(Calamagrostis epigeios)銹病(Uromyces sp.)以及羊草銹病(Uromyces sp.)、黑痣病(Phyllachora sp.)和斑點(diǎn)��；苦苣菜(Sonchus brachyotus)灰霉病(Botrytis cinerea)、全葉馬蘭(Kalimeris integrtifolia)白粉病(Oidium sp.)和銹病(Puccinia Persoon)、3、在0、3、6只羊單位/hm2放牧強(qiáng)度下,羊草斑點(diǎn)病、羊草葉斑病、羊草黑痣病等3種病害的發(fā)病率及病情指數(shù)在3只羊單位每公頃最高,其次為0只羊單位每公頃,6只羊單位每公頃最低。而羊草銹病發(fā)病率和病情指數(shù)皆隨放牧強(qiáng)度的增加而降低,即在6只羊單位每公頃下最低,且在6只羊單位每公頃和3只羊單位每公頃下顯著低于0只羊單位每公頃。4、與不焚燒草地相比,焚燒顯著減少草地植物病害發(fā)生種類、發(fā)病率、病情指數(shù),改變發(fā)病期。寄主植物由焚燒前禾本科、豆科、蓼科、菊科4科減少到禾本科1科。病害種類由焚燒前的17種減少至5種,包括羊草葉斑病、斑點(diǎn)病、蘆葦銹病(Puccinia Persoon)、葉斑病(Septoria sp.)、拂子茅銹病。上述5種病害的發(fā)病率分別從焚燒前的39.0%--58.0%、20.0%--36.0%、10.0%—55.0%、20.0%--65.0%以及8.5%--30.0%降低至焚燒后的9.7%--36.9%、4.0%--21.7%、0.0%--36.0%、0.0%--30.0%以及0.0%--20.0%；病情指數(shù)則由焚燒前的17.3—40.7、9.3-21.7、3.3-28.3、6.7-31.7以及3.3-11.7降低至焚燒后的4.027.5、1.6-11.8、0.0-20.7、0.0-11.7以及0.0-7.3。焚燒后所有植物病害在6、7、8月份發(fā)病率和嚴(yán)重度顯著降低,而在生長(zhǎng)季末期9、10月份則差異不顯著；病害發(fā)病高峰期均從8月份推遲至9月份；而除羊草斑點(diǎn)病、葉斑病外,其它3種病害的初始發(fā)病期則由6月份推遲至7月份。5、放牧和焚燒處理下,羊草斑點(diǎn)病、羊草葉斑病、蘆葦銹病、蘆葦葉斑病以及拂子茅銹病等5種病害的發(fā)病率及病情指數(shù)在3只羊單位每公頃最高,其次為0只羊單位每公頃,6只羊單位每公頃最低。病害發(fā)病高峰期為9月份；而除羊草斑點(diǎn)病、葉斑病外,其它3種病害的初始發(fā)病期則為7月份。
[Abstract]:Grazing is the main way of grassland utilization, and incineration is one of the common measures in grassland management, both of which have a significant effect on grassland plant diseases. In this study, the occurrence of plant diseases in sheep under different grazing intensity and incineration in late spring were studied in Changling County, Jilin Province, and at Songnen grassland Research Station of Northeast normal University for two consecutive years in plant growth season. The main results were as follows: 1. A total of 10 genera and 12 species of pathogenic fungi were found to cause 19 kinds of plant diseases, among which the most common diseases were powdery mildew and rust, and 6 and 3 plant diseases were found respectively. The most common plants were Gramineae, Leguminosae, Compositae and Polygonaceae. The most common diseases were Ascochyta sp. and Phyllosticta sp. 2. 11 diseases were identified as new records of plant diseases in Jilin Province. They are Chloris virgata, Phyllachora graminis, Phragmites australis, Exserohilum sp.) And Septoria sp., Aeluropus litthora) powdery mildew, Calamagrostis epigeiosi) Rust (Uromyces sp.) And Rust of Leymus chinensis, Uromyces sp., Phyllachora sp. and Phyllachora sp. Botrytis cinerea, Ma Lan Kalimeris integrtifolia) Oidium sp.) Under grazing intensity per unit / hm ~ 2 of 6 sheep, the incidence and disease index of Leymus chinensis spot disease, Leymus chinensis leaf spot disease and Leymus chinensis black nevus disease were the highest per hectare. Second, 0 sheep units per hectare 6 sheep units per hectare the lowest. However, the incidence and disease index of Leymus chinensis rust decreased with the increase of grazing intensity, which was the lowest in 6 sheep per hectare. In addition, 6 sheep units and 3 sheep units per hectare were significantly lower than 0 sheep units per hectare. Compared with non-incineration grassland, incineration significantly reduced the occurrence of plant diseases, incidence, disease index and change of incidence period. The host plants decreased from 4 families of Gramineae, Leguminosae, Polygonaceae and Compositae to 1 family of Gramineae. The number of diseases decreased from 17 before burning to 5, including Leymus chinensis leaf spot, spot disease, Reed rust Puccinia Persoonium, leaf spot disease Septoria sp. 涓婅堪5縐嶇梾瀹崇殑鍙戠梾鐜囧垎鍒粠鐒氱儳鍓嶇殑39.0%--58.0%,20.0%--36.0%,10.0%鈥，

本文編號(hào)：1886908