本文選題：奶牛 + 物理特性　； 參考：《東北農業(yè)大學》2017年博士論文

【摘要】：優(yōu)質粗飼料資源缺乏是我國奶牛養(yǎng)殖業(yè)面臨的嚴峻問題之一,利用纖維性非常規(guī)飼料資源,如玉米纖維飼料(DCGF)替代奶牛日糧中苜蓿干草可能會有效緩解粗飼料資源短缺的壓力。另一方面,飼料的物理特性作為區(qū)別于常規(guī)化學成分、瘤胃降解特性、小腸消化率等的一類影響飼料營養(yǎng)價值的營養(yǎng)特性,在科研和生產中常常被忽略。本研究的主要目的是:(1)探究飼料物理特性與化學成分、瘤胃降解特性的相關性,揭示飼料物理特性對飼料營養(yǎng)價值評定的重要性,為飼料營養(yǎng)價值評定提供新思路;(2)比較DCGF與苜蓿干草、羊草在營養(yǎng)成分、物理特性、代謝特性的差異,為合理利用DCGF提供科學依據;(3)分析DCGF與羊草組合替代奶牛日糧中部分苜蓿干草對體外發(fā)酵、生產性能、消化代謝、經濟效益的影響,從而為DCGF替代苜蓿在奶牛中的應用提供理論依據,為緩解我國苜蓿資源短缺的現(xiàn)狀提供新思路。試驗1:飼料物理特性與化學成分、瘤胃降解特性相關關系的研究本試驗測定13種奶牛常用飼料的物理特性(包括持水率、膨脹性、容積密度、溶解性)、化學成分、瘤胃降解特性,采用SAS9.2軟件的PROC CORR模塊分析物理特性與化學成分、瘤胃降解參數(shù)間的相關關系。結果表明:不同飼料的物理特性、化學成分、瘤胃降解特性變異范圍較大。相關性分析結果表明,飼料持水率(WHC)與淀粉、粗蛋白(CP)含量呈負相關(P0.05),但與飼料中性洗滌纖維(NDF)、酸性洗滌纖維(ADF)水平呈顯著正相關(P0.01)。飼料膨脹性與淀粉、EE含量呈負相關,但與灰分含量呈正相關。飼料容積密度與NDF(rSpearman=-0.720,P0.0001)、ADF(rSpearman=-0.761,P0.0001)、ADL(rSpearman=-0.727,P0.0001)顯著負相關。干物質溶解率(DMSol)與飼料NDF、ADF、ADL水平呈顯著負相關,但與CP含量呈顯著正相關(rSpearman=0.772,P0.0001)。另外,干物質有效降解率(EDDM)與容積密度(rSpearman=0.336,P=0.037)、DMSol(rSpearman=0.560,P=0.001)呈顯著正相關。飼料容積密度與CP瘤胃降解參數(shù)均無顯著相關,但與NDF潛在可降解部分(DNDF)含量呈顯著正相關(rSpearman=0.647,P0.001),DMSol與DM和CP降解速率均呈顯著正相關。粗蛋白有效降解率(EDCP)與WHC呈負相關(rSpearman=-0.460,P=0.003),與DMSol呈顯著正相關(rSpearman=0.503,P=0.001)。試驗2:玉米纖維飼料與苜蓿干草、羊草營養(yǎng)特性的比較研究本試驗測定DCGF、苜蓿干草、羊草的常規(guī)營養(yǎng)成分,并利用康奈爾凈碳水化合物-蛋白質體系(CNCPS)對飼料碳水化合物和蛋白質的組分進行剖分,分別采用尼龍袋法和三步體外法測定飼料的瘤胃降解特性和蛋白質小腸消化特性,并利用NRC(2001)模型對不同飼料的真消化率、能值、代謝蛋白(MP)進行估測,同時比較DCGF與苜蓿干草、羊草在物理特性方面的差異。結果表明:DCGF的CP含量與苜蓿干草差異不顯著(P0.05),顯著高于羊草(P0.05);DCGF的NDF水平顯著高于苜蓿干草,而ADF、ADL水平均顯著低于苜蓿干草和羊草(P0.05);DCGF氨基酸組成豐富,蛋氨酸含量高于苜蓿干草和羊草,賴氨酸和總氨基酸含量低于苜蓿干草,高于羊草。CNCPS組分方面,DCGF真蛋白(PB)含量顯著低于苜蓿干草(P0.05),不可利用蛋白(PC)顯著低于苜蓿干草和羊草(P0.05);DCGF的中速降解碳水化合物(CB1)和慢速降解碳水化合物(CB2)含量顯著高于苜蓿干草(P0.05),不可利用碳水化合物(CC)含量最低。DCGF的持水率與苜蓿干草相近,顯著低于羊草(P0.05);DCGF的容積密度顯著高于苜蓿和羊草(P0.05),苜蓿和羊草的容積密度差異不顯著(P0.05);DCGF的DMSol和Ash Sol均顯著高于苜蓿干草和羊草(P0.05),羊草的DMSol和Ash Sol最低。尼龍袋法測得DCGF的干物質瘤胃降解部分和有效降解率顯著高于苜蓿干草和羊草(P0.05),羊草的瘤胃可降解干物質最低;DCGF的CP可溶解部分顯著高于苜蓿干草和羊草(P0.05);與羊草相比,DCGF和苜蓿干草的過瘤胃蛋白(RUP)含量更高。DCGF的瘤胃可降解NDF含量顯著高于羊草,苜蓿干草的瘤胃可降解NDF含量最低。DCGF的RUP小腸消化率與苜蓿干草差異不顯著(P0.05),顯著高于羊草(P0.05);苜蓿干草小腸可消化蛋白(IDP)和總可消化蛋白(TDP)含量顯著高于DCGF和羊草(P0.05)。NRC(2001)模型估測得出DCGF的總可消化NDF(td NDF)、維持水平下總可消化養(yǎng)分(TDNm)含量高于苜蓿干草,羊草最低;不同飼料的微生物蛋白(MCP)估測量及各能值水平與TDNm趨勢相同;DCGF與苜蓿干草的MP供應量差異不顯著(P0.05),但顯著高于羊草(P0.05)。試驗3:玉米纖維飼料和羊草組合替代苜蓿干草對體外產氣特性和瘤胃發(fā)酵的影響本試驗采用由DCGF和羊草組合替代不同比例苜蓿干草的5種奶牛日糧為體外發(fā)酵底物:(1)DCGF比例為0%(0DCGF);(2)DCGF比例為3.0%(3DCGF)(3)DCGF比例為7.0%(7DCGF);(4)DCGF比例為11.0%(11DCGF);(5)DCGF比例為15.0%(15DCGF)。采用奧特奇IFM試驗室體外發(fā)酵裝置連續(xù)發(fā)酵48 h。結果表明:11DCGF日糧各時間點累計產氣量均顯著高于其它日糧(P0.05),7DCGF日糧與15DCGF日糧產氣量差異不顯著(P0.05),均顯著高于0DCGF和3DCGF日糧(P0.05);11DCGF日糧慢速發(fā)酵部分產氣量最大,顯著高于其它日糧(P0.05)。與0DCGF日糧相比,11DCGF和15DCGF日糧體外干物質消失率(IVDDM)顯著提高(P0.05)。11DCGF和15DCGF組日糧氨態(tài)氮(NH3-N)產量最高,0DCGF和3DCGF組日糧NH3-N濃度最低;7DCGF和11DCGF組MCP產量顯著高于0DCGF日糧(P0.05)。與0DCGF日糧相比,由DCGF和羊草組合替代部分苜蓿干草后,總揮發(fā)性脂肪酸(VFA)及乙酸、丙酸、丁酸產量顯著提高(P0.05)。試驗4:玉米纖維飼料和羊草組合替代苜蓿干草對奶牛生產性能、營養(yǎng)代謝、經濟效益的影響本試驗選用健康的3頭初產、6頭經產荷斯坦奶牛,按照胎次、體重、泌乳天數(shù)相近的原則分為三組,采用3×3重復拉丁方設計,每個試驗期21天。分別飼喂三種日糧:(1)DCGF比例為0%(0DCGF);(2)DCGF比例為7.0%(7DCGF);(3)DCGF比例為11.0%(11DCGF)。試驗日糧等能等氮,由DCGF和羊草替代不同比例的苜蓿干草,精料組成及玉米青貯比例基本不變。試驗結果表明:飼喂11DCGF組日糧的奶牛干物質采食量(DMI)高于0DCGF組和7DCGF組,且不同日糧對奶牛產奶量、乳脂率、乳糖濃度沒有顯著影響(P0.05)。與0DCGF組日糧相比,奶牛飼喂11DCGF組日糧提高了乳蛋白含量。在日糧DM和NDF消化率方面,7DCGF(62.7%、45.6%)和11DCGF(63.1%、47.2%)組顯著高于0DCGF組(59.4%、42.3%),而氮的消化率在三組間差異不顯著(P0.05)。飼喂11DCGF日糧奶牛瘤胃VFA濃度顯著高于0DCGF組(P0.05),與7DCGF組差異不顯著(P0.05)。在MCP產量方面,11DCGF組(1985.1 g/d)顯著高于0DCGF組(1745.0 g/d),與7DCGF組差異不顯著(P0.05)。從飼養(yǎng)成本和效益方面看,與飼喂0DCGF日糧(1.64?/kg)相比,飼喂7DCGF和11DCGF日糧(1.51和1.47?/kg)顯著降低公斤奶飼料成本,提高經濟收益。綜上所述,本研究得出以下結論:(1)不同飼料的物理特性、化學成分、瘤胃降解特性各不相同,飼料的物理特性與營養(yǎng)成分、瘤胃降解參數(shù)密切相關。因此,飼料物理特性在營養(yǎng)價值評定及日糧配方制作時可能提供新的信息。(2)DCGF的可利用碳水化合物和可利用粗蛋白含量較高,在代謝能供應方面優(yōu)于苜蓿干草,代謝蛋白供應量與苜蓿干草相近;在物理特性方面,DCGF的容積密度和溶解度高于苜蓿干草,持水率與苜蓿干草相近,膨脹性和物理有效纖維較低。(3)DCGF和羊草組合替代奶牛日糧中17%苜蓿干草后對奶牛生產性能沒有不良影響,明顯降低公斤奶飼料成本,提高經濟效益。由此可見,利用DCGF和羊草組合可以有效替代奶牛日糧中部分苜蓿干草。
[Abstract]:The lack of high quality roughage is one of the serious problems in the dairy farming industry in China. The use of fibrous non conventional feed resources, such as corn fiber feed (DCGF) instead of alfalfa hay in dairy cattle diet, may effectively relieve the pressure of the shortage of crude feed resources. On the other hand, the physical characteristics of feed are different from conventional chemical components. The nutritional characteristics of gastric degradation and intestinal digestibility, such as the digestive rate of the small intestine, are often ignored in scientific research and production. The main purpose of this study is to explore the physical and chemical composition of the feed, the correlation of the rumen degradation characteristics, and reveal the importance of the feed physical properties to feed nutritional value and to feed the feed camp. (2) compare the difference between DCGF and alfalfa hay, Leymus chinensis, physical characteristics and metabolic characteristics, and provide scientific basis for rational use of DCGF. (3) analysis of the effects of DCGF and Leymus chinensis combination of alfalfa hay on the fermentation, production performance, digestion and metabolism, and economic benefits in the diet of dairy cows, so that DCGF It provides a theoretical basis for the application of Alfalfa in dairy cattle, and provides a new idea for alleviating the current situation of the shortage of Alfalfa Resources in China. Test the physical characteristics and chemical composition of the 1: feed and the relationship of the rumen degradation characteristics to determine the physical characteristics of the 13 kinds of dairy cattle feed (including water holding rate, expansibility, volume density, solubility), The relationship between physical properties, chemical components and rumen degradation parameters was analyzed by the PROC CORR module of SAS9.2 software. The results showed that the physical properties, chemical components and rumen degradation characteristics of different feed were larger. The correlation analysis showed that the water holding rate (WHC) and starch, crude protein (CP) were the results of the correlation analysis. The content was negatively correlated (P0.05), but had significant positive correlation with feed neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid washing fiber (ADF) level (P0.01). Feed expansibility was negatively correlated with starch, EE content, but positive correlation with ash content. Feed volume density and NDF (rSpearman= -0.720, P0.0001), ADF (rSpearman=-0.761, P0.0001), ADF (rSpearman=-0.761, P0.0001) 0001) significant negative correlation. The dry matter dissolution rate (DMSol) had a significant negative correlation with the feed NDF, ADF and ADL levels, but had a significant positive correlation with CP content (rSpearman=0.772, P0.0001). In addition, the effective degradation rate of dry matter (EDDM) was significantly positively correlated with the volume density (rSpearman=0.336, P=0.037), DMSol (rSpearman=0.560, etc.). There was no significant correlation between the degradation parameters of the rumen, but there was a significant positive correlation with the potential biodegradable part (DNDF) content of NDF (rSpearman=0.647, P0.001). DMSol was significantly positively correlated with the degradation rate of DM and CP. The effective degradation rate of crude protein (EDCP) was negatively correlated with WHC (rSpearman= -0.460, P=0.003). A comparative study of 2: corn fiber feed and alfalfa hay and the nutritional characteristics of Leymus chinensis was compared. The routine nutrition components of DCGF, alfalfa hay and Leymus chinensis were measured, and the composition of carbohydrates and proteins in feed was divided by Connell net carbohydrate protein system (CNCPS), and the nylon bag method and three step in vitro method were used respectively. NRC (2001) model was used to estimate the true digestibility, energy value and metabolic protein (MP) of different feedstuffs, and the differences in physical characteristics between DCGF and alfalfa hay and Leymus chinensis were compared. The results showed that there was no significant difference between the CP content of DCGF and alfalfa hay (P0.05), which was significantly higher than that of alfalfa hay. The NDF level of DCGF was significantly higher than that of alfalfa hay, while the levels of ADF and ADL were significantly lower than alfalfa hay and Leymus chinensis (P0.05); DCGF amino acid composition was rich, methionine content was higher than alfalfa hay and Leymus chinensis. The content of lysine and total amino acids was lower than Alfalfa hay, and the content of DCGF true protein (PB) was significantly lower than that of Alfalfa.CNCPS component. Alfalfa hay (P0.05), the non available protein (PC) was significantly lower than alfalfa hay and Leymus chinensis (P0.05). The medium speed degradation carbohydrate (CB1) and slow degradation carbohydrate (CB2) content of DCGF were significantly higher than that of Alfalfa (P0.05), and the water holding rate of the lowest.DCGF content of the non available carbohydrate (CC) was similar to that of alfalfa hay, significantly lower than that of Leymus chinensis (P0.). 05): the volume density of DCGF was significantly higher than that of alfalfa and Leymus chinensis (P0.05), and the volume density difference between alfalfa and Leymus chinensis was not significant (P0.05); DMSol and Ash Sol of DCGF were significantly higher than alfalfa hay and Leymus chinensis (P0.05), and DMSol and Ash Sol were the lowest. The nylon bag method was significantly higher than alfalfa dry matter degradation and effective degradation rate. The rumen degradable dry matter of weeds and Leymus chinensis (P0.05) was the lowest, and the soluble part of DCGF CP was significantly higher than alfalfa hay and Leymus chinensis (P0.05). Compared with Leymus chinensis, the ruminal NDF content of DCGF and alfalfa hay was higher than that of Leymus chinensis, and the ruminal NDF content of.DCGF was significantly higher than that of Leymus chinensis, and the rumen degradable NDF content of alfalfa hay was the lowest.DCGF. The digestibility of RUP and alfalfa hay was not significant (P0.05), significantly higher than that of Leymus chinensis (P0.05), and the content of digestive protein (IDP) and total digestible protein (TDP) in alfalfa hay was significantly higher than that of DCGF and P0.05.NRC (2001) model to estimate the total digestible NDF (TD NDF) of DCGF, and the total digestible nutrient content under the maintenance level was higher than that of alfalfa. Hay and Leymus chinensis were the lowest; the measurement of microbial protein (MCP) of different feed and the level of each energy value were the same as that of TDNm; the difference of MP supply between DCGF and alfalfa hay was not significant (P0.05), but significantly higher than that of Leymus chinensis (P0.05). The effects of 3: corn fiber feed and Leymus chinensis combination of alfalfa hay on in vitro gas production and rumen fermentation in vitro The experiment used 5 kinds of dairy cow diets, which were replaced by DCGF and Leymus chinensis for different proportion alfalfa hay: (1) DCGF ratio 0% (0DCGF); (2) DCGF ratio 3% (3DCGF) (3) DCGF ratio 7% (7DCGF); (4) DCGF ratio 11% (11DCGF); (5) DCGF ratio is 15% (15DCGF). Using otter IFM test room in vitro fermentation device continuous The results of 48 h. fermentation showed that the cumulative gas yield at each time point of 11DCGF diet was significantly higher than that of other diets (P0.05), and there was no significant difference in grain yield between 7DCGF diet and 15DCGF (P0.05), which was significantly higher than that of 0DCGF and 3DCGF (P0.05). The maximum gas yield of 11DCGF diet was the largest, significantly higher than that of other diets (P0.05). Compared with the 0DCGF diet, 11 The loss rate of dry matter (IVDDM) in DCGF and 15DCGF diets increased significantly (P0.05) in.11DCGF and 15DCGF groups, with the highest yield of ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), 0DCGF and 3DCGF was the lowest in the diet, while 7DCGF and 11DCGF groups were significantly higher than those in the diet. The yield of VFA and acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid increased significantly (P0.05). The effects of 4: corn fiber feed and Leymus chinensis combination instead of alfalfa hay on the production performance, nutrition metabolism and economic benefits of alfalfa were selected for the experiment, 3 first birth and 6 cows were divided into two kinds: the parity, the weight and the milking days. The three group, using 3 x 3 Latin square design, each trial period 21 days, feeding three kinds of diet, (1) DCGF ratio 0% (0DCGF); (2) DCGF ratio of 7% (7DCGF); (3) DCGF ratio of 11% (11DCGF). Experimental diet and other nitrogen, from DCGF and Leymus Leymus to replace the same proportion of alfalfa hay, semen composition and corn silage ratio basically unchanged. Experimental knot The results showed that the dry matter intake (DMI) of dairy cows fed with 11DCGF group was higher than that of group 0DCGF and 7DCGF, and there was no significant effect on milk yield, milk fat rate and lactose concentration in dairy cows (P0.05). Compared with group 0DCGF, dairy cows fed 11DCGF group increased milk egg white content. The DM and NDF digestibility of diet in diet, 7DCGF (62.7%, 45.6%). And 11DCGF (63.1%, 47.2%) group was significantly higher than group 0DCGF (59.4%, 42.3%), but the difference of nitrogen digestibility between the three groups was not significant (P0.05). The concentration of VFA in the rumen of the cows fed with 11DCGF was significantly higher than that in the 0DCGF group (P0.05), and there was no significant difference between the group of 7DCGF and the 7DCGF group (P0.05). The 11DCGF group (1985.1 g/d) was significantly higher than that of the group (1745) in the output of MCP (1745). The difference was not significant (P0.05). Compared with feeding 0DCGF diet (1.64? /kg), feeding 7DCGF and 11DCGF diet (1.51 and 1.47? /kg) significantly reduced the cost of kilogram milk feed and increased economic benefits. Similarly, the physical properties of feed are closely related to nutritional components and rumen degradation parameters. Therefore, the physical properties of feed may provide new information on nutritional value assessment and diet formulation. (2) the available carbohydrate and available crude protein content of DCGF is higher, and the metabolic energy supply is superior to alfalfa hay and metabolic protein supply. In physical properties, the volume density and solubility of DCGF were higher than alfalfa hay, the water holding rate was similar to alfalfa hay, and the expansibility and physical effective fiber were lower. (3) DCGF and Leymus chinensis combination instead of 17% alfalfa hay in dairy cows had no adverse effects on dairy production performance and significantly reduced the cost of kilogram milk feed. It can be seen that the combination of DCGF and Leymus chinensis can effectively replace some alfalfa hay in dairy cattle diets.

【學位授予單位】：東北農業(yè)大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：S823.5

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