本文選題：牧區(qū)典型草原 + 不同放牧方式�。� 參考：《內(nèi)蒙古師范大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：溫帶典型草原從半干旱區(qū)逐步擴(kuò)展到半濕潤(rùn)區(qū),是陸地上最大的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)類(lèi)型之一。它不僅是蒙古高原草原區(qū)廣大人民賴(lài)以生存的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ),也是蒙古高原草原區(qū)荒漠化和應(yīng)對(duì)區(qū)域氣候變化的重要屏障。牧戶(hù)主要依靠放牧來(lái)利用草場(chǎng)資源,放牧方式是否合理,將直接地或間接地影響到典型草原區(qū)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能。因此,加強(qiáng)放牧方式管理是牧區(qū)典型草原管理的核心。放牧方式作為放牧管理體系,一直受到國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者和政府部門(mén)的普遍關(guān)注和重視。因此,本文采用理論研究與實(shí)地調(diào)查相結(jié)合的方法,通過(guò)分析蒙古國(guó)納蘭蘇木和我國(guó)阿巴嘎旗北部那仁寶拉格蘇木兩個(gè)相同自然地理背景的區(qū)域作為研究區(qū),使用NDVI并采用最大合成法對(duì)牧業(yè)兩個(gè)蘇木NDVI進(jìn)行了動(dòng)態(tài)監(jiān)測(cè)和2016年實(shí)地草場(chǎng)取樣測(cè)試資料為基礎(chǔ)。分析草原放牧方式的變革過(guò)程對(duì)草原群落變遷的影響,研究結(jié)果如下:(1)蒙古國(guó)納蘭蘇木放牧方式由非定域游牧轉(zhuǎn)為了定域游牧,目前主要以季節(jié)性遷移為主,結(jié)合了草場(chǎng)游動(dòng)性放牧和季節(jié)性營(yíng)盤(pán)分段放牧,這使草場(chǎng)植被有充分的恢復(fù)機(jī)遇,減少了放牧家畜的踐踏壓力,也充分體現(xiàn)了草原優(yōu)良牧草的比例和NDVI與牲畜結(jié)構(gòu)多樣性之間的耦合關(guān)系。但由于近年來(lái)牲畜頭數(shù)的增加,牲畜結(jié)構(gòu)的變化,草場(chǎng)面積的減少,導(dǎo)致放牧場(chǎng)受不同程度的踐踏而退化。1989~2011年的NDVI一級(jí)植被指數(shù)較少,沒(méi)有太大的變化;2011~2016年之間二級(jí)NDVI值面積減少了53.97%。群落組成以克氏針茅+冷蒿群落變?yōu)檠虿?克氏針茅、冰草群落混合,主要優(yōu)勢(shì)種為羊草(Leymus chinensis)、克氏針茅(Stipa krylovii),伴生種為寸草苔(Carex duriuscula)、大針茅(Stipa grandis P.Smirn.)常見(jiàn)植物種為冰草(Agropyron cristatum)、冷蒿(Artemisia frigida)、木地膚(Kochia prostrate)、多根蔥(Ajania polyrrhizum)等。還有增加了一年生植物。(2)內(nèi)蒙古那仁寶拉格蘇木放牧方式基本上由定域(80年代前的嘎查級(jí))游牧到浩特性半定居(80~90年代的放牧浩特級(jí)游動(dòng)區(qū)域)游牧到牧戶(hù)定居的(90年代中期后的網(wǎng)圍欄限定區(qū)域草場(chǎng)分割輪牧)放牧方式變革,甚至有些地方變成半舍飼放牧�，F(xiàn)在牧區(qū)圍欄劃區(qū)分割的輪牧制度,使放牧家畜的挑食時(shí)間變長(zhǎng)的同時(shí)其采食踐踏頻度增大、食欲性游走時(shí)間和反復(fù)性距離拉長(zhǎng),增加踐踏影響。由于放牧網(wǎng)圍欄范圍較小,牲畜頭數(shù)的適量增加,畜群結(jié)構(gòu)單一化發(fā)展和超載放牧現(xiàn)象,導(dǎo)致放牧網(wǎng)圍欄草場(chǎng)的不同程度的退化。從1989~2016年的NDVI看一級(jí)NDVI值變小,即NDVI值減少了52.69%。研究區(qū)1989~2016年NDVI值呈現(xiàn)“V”字形變化,也就是1989~2000年NDVI逐漸降低,2000年達(dá)到最低值,而2003年又急劇升高,然后又逐漸減少。研究區(qū)NDVI值的變化也存在較大的空間差異,群落組成以克氏針茅+冷蒿變?yōu)榭耸厢樏?黃花蒿,主要優(yōu)勢(shì)種為克氏針茅、絲裂蒿(Artemisia adamsii),伴生種為羊草、阿氏旋花(Convolvulus ammannii),常見(jiàn)植物種為寸草苔、藜(Chenopo dium album Linn)、糙隱子草(Cleistogenes squarrosa)等,還有出現(xiàn)一些一年生植物占優(yōu)勢(shì)的年代(2003年)。(3)內(nèi)蒙古那仁寶拉格蘇木草場(chǎng)所取樣地中的多年生草本植物優(yōu)勢(shì)比明顯低于蒙古國(guó)納蘭蘇木草場(chǎng)取樣指標(biāo)值。蒙古國(guó)納蘭蘇木的四季游牧草場(chǎng)功能的多樣性指數(shù)和優(yōu)勢(shì)度指數(shù)均高于我國(guó)那仁寶拉格蘇木牧戶(hù)定居放牧草場(chǎng)。多年生和一年生草本植物的生態(tài)幅較大,從而多年生與一年生植物之間的生態(tài)重疊明顯而兩處蘇木均有差異;說(shuō)明,不同放牧方式會(huì)導(dǎo)致草原植被群落退化,降低草原生態(tài)經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值。綜上所述,天然草地植被的持續(xù)性周轉(zhuǎn)利用與游動(dòng)自由放牧的家畜的選擇性懫食和生態(tài)型生產(chǎn)有重要影響。不同的放牧方式下,由于家畜的生態(tài)行為性懫食踐踏被改變,影響群落特征和生態(tài)系統(tǒng)組分的差異;為此選擇合理的放牧方式有利于草原群落的自身周轉(zhuǎn)和其優(yōu)勢(shì)種的穩(wěn)定生長(zhǎng)。
[Abstract]:From temperate grassland in semi arid area gradually expanded to semi humid area, is one of the largest terrestrial ecosystem types. It is not only the material basis of grassland on Mongolia plateau people's survival, heavy barrier is a desert grassland on Mongolia plateau and respond to regional climate change. The herdsman grazing to rely mainly on the use of grassland resources grazing, if reasonable, will directly or indirectly affect the structure and function of ecosystem in typical steppe region. Therefore, strengthening the grazing management is the core management of typical pasture. Grazing as grazing management system has been widespread concern and attention of domestic and foreign scholars and government departments. Therefore, this paper uses the theoretical research method combined with field survey, through the analysis of Mongolia's and North China region, hematoxylin hematoxylin Naran two identical natural Lagrange Background area as the study area, using NDVI and using the maximum synthesis method of dynamic monitoring and field sampling and testing data of 2016 grassland animal husbandry two hematoxylin NDVI based. Analysis of the effect of grazing on the transformation process of grassland community changes, the results are as follows: (1) Mongolia's hematoxylin grazing Nalan from nonlocal to local nomadic nomadic, at present mainly in the seasonal migration, with pasture grazing and seasonal swimming camp the sectional grazing grassland vegetation, have full recovery opportunities, reduced grazing livestock trampling pressure, but also fully embodies the coupling relationship between forage grassland and the proportion of NDVI and the structure of livestock diversity. But in recent years due to the increase in the number of livestock, livestock structure changes, reduce the area of grassland, leading to pasture by different trampling and degradation.1989~2011 The NDVI level of vegetation index is less, not much change; 2011~2016 between two NDVI values decreased 53.97%. community composition in Stipa krylovii + Artemisia frigida into Leymus chinensis and Stipa krylovii, wheatgrass community mixed, the main dominant species of Leymus chinensis (Leymus chinensis), s.krylovii (Stipa krylovii), as the companion species of Carex duriuscula (Carex duriuscula), S.grandis (Stipa grandis P.Smirn.) is a common species of Wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum), Artemisia frigida (Artemisia FRIGIDA) (Kochia prostrate), Kochia prostrata (Ajania polyrrhizum), a plurality of onions. As well as increasing the annual plant (2) in Inner Mongolia. The Gulag grazing basically Compal hematoxylin by localized (GaZha level before 80s) to semi nomadic haute settled (grazing in the swimming area 80~90 super HO) to settle the nomadic herdsmen (fence in mid 90s after the regional segmentation of grassland grazing) Grazing patterns change, and even in some places become semi feeding grazing. Now under segmentation of the rotational grazing system in pastoral areas fence, the grazing time becomes longer and the food intake frequency increases the appetite of trampling, wandering time and repeated long distance, increased by trampling. Grazing fence range is small, the number of livestock amount increase the single herd structure development and overgrazing, resulting in degradation of different grazing pasture fence. See a NDVI from 1989~2016 NDVI value, NDVI value decreased by 52.69%. 1989~ in the study area in 2016 NDVI showed a "V" shape change, namely 1989~2000 year NDVI decreased gradually in 2000 the lowest, while in 2003 it increased sharply, and then decreased gradually. There are also large differences in the spatial variation of NDVI values in the study area, the community composition in Stipa krylovii + Artemisia into Stipa krylovii + Artemisia annua, the main dominant species of Stipa krylovii, mitogen (Artemisia adamsii), Artemisia associated species for Leymus chinensis, Agassiz Convolvulus (Convolvulus ammannii), is a common plant species of Carex duriuscula (Chenopo dium album Linn, Chenopodium album), c.squarrosa (Cleistogenes squarrosa), as well as some therophyta the advantage of the time (2003). (3) the Inner Mongolia Compal Rugby sampled in the grassland sappan perennial herbaceous plants were lower than those of pasture advantage sampling in Mongolia. Mongolia, Su mu in four seasons nomadic grassland Nalan sappan functional diversity index and dominance index were higher than that in China the Gulag herdsman settled by Compal grazing pasture of perennial and annual herbs. The ecological amplitude is large, and between ecological perennial and annual plants and two had obvious overlap, hematoxylin difference; different grazing will lead to grassland Vegetation degradation, decrease of grassland ecological economic value. To sum up, has an important influence and walk free grazing livestock food and ecological production by selective Zhi continuous turnover of natural grassland vegetation. Different grazing patterns, because livestock ecological behavior of Zhi food trampling is changed, the difference in the effects of community characteristics and ecological system this group; choose the reasonable grazing to grassland in its turnover and the stable growth of the species.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：內(nèi)蒙古師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：S812

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