本文選題：“土壤-飼料-奶�！鄙a(chǎn)系統(tǒng)　切入點(diǎn)：養(yǎng)分利用效率　出處：《中國(guó)生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)學(xué)報(bào)》2017年03期 　論文類型：期刊論文

【摘要】：分析大城市郊區(qū)"土壤-飼料-奶牛"養(yǎng)殖體系養(yǎng)分流動(dòng)和環(huán)境排放特征是合理控制養(yǎng)殖規(guī)模、促進(jìn)農(nóng)牧結(jié)合、保護(hù)生態(tài)環(huán)境和保障畜禽產(chǎn)品供應(yīng)等政策制定的基礎(chǔ)。本研究選取北京市郊區(qū)28個(gè)規(guī)�；膛＾r(nóng)場(chǎng),調(diào)研包括飼料來源和投入、奶牛生產(chǎn)和糞尿管理以及產(chǎn)品輸出情況。結(jié)合公開發(fā)表的文獻(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)和北京市統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù),利用NUFER-animal模型對(duì)1980—2013年北京市規(guī)模化奶牛農(nóng)場(chǎng)"土壤-飼料-奶牛"生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)養(yǎng)分流動(dòng)特征、利用效率和環(huán)境損失的時(shí)空變化進(jìn)行了定量化分析。結(jié)果表明,1980—2013年,奶牛個(gè)體尺度(僅包括泌乳牛)氮利用效率從14.9%增加到21.2%,磷利用效率從13.8%增加到27.3%;群體尺度(包括犢牛、育成牛、青年牛、泌乳牛和干乳牛)氮利用效率從14.5%增加到18.2%,磷利用效率從15.8%增加到24.9%;系統(tǒng)尺度(土壤-飼料-奶牛)氮利用效率從11.3%增加到15.8%,磷利用效率從13.3%增加到22.3%。北京市奶牛養(yǎng)殖個(gè)體尺度、群體尺度和系統(tǒng)尺度氮利用效率在1985年前減少;而1985年后逐漸增加。個(gè)體尺度、群體尺度和系統(tǒng)尺度磷利用效率均不斷增加。系統(tǒng)尺度氮總損失從1980年的1 516 t增加到2013年的16 973 t;磷總損失從114 t增加到1 763 t。生產(chǎn)1 kg氮磷產(chǎn)品造成的氮和磷損失均表現(xiàn)出不斷減少的趨勢(shì)。北京市"土壤-飼料-奶牛"生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)氮磷流動(dòng)特征發(fā)生了很大變化,養(yǎng)分利用效率和總環(huán)境損失不斷增加。產(chǎn)生這一變化的原因是養(yǎng)殖數(shù)量的增加、養(yǎng)殖模式從傳統(tǒng)向集約化轉(zhuǎn)變和環(huán)保管理措施的完善。因此,調(diào)整奶牛養(yǎng)殖從數(shù)量型向質(zhì)量型轉(zhuǎn)變以及提高喂養(yǎng)技術(shù)和糞尿管理水平等是提高都市奶牛養(yǎng)殖可持續(xù)發(fā)展的必要措施。
[Abstract]:The characteristics of nutrient flow and environmental emission of "soil-feed-cow" farming system in suburban area of big city were analyzed. The characteristics of nutrient flow and environmental emission were reasonable control of breeding scale and promotion of combination of agriculture and animal husbandry. In this study, 28 large-scale dairy farms in the suburbs of Beijing were selected to investigate feed sources and inputs. Dairy cattle production, fecal and urine management and product output. Combined with published literature and statistical data in Beijing, the nutrient flow characteristics of "soil-feed dairy cow" production system in large-scale dairy farms in Beijing from 1980 to 2013 were analyzed by using NUFER-animal model. The temporal and spatial changes of utilization efficiency and environmental loss were quantitatively analyzed. The results showed that nitrogen use efficiency increased from 14.9% to 21.2, phosphorus use efficiency increased from 13.8% to 27.3 percent, and population scale (including calves) increased from 14.9% to 21.2 in individual scale (including lactating cows). Cattle, young cattle, The nitrogen use efficiency of lactating cattle and dry dairy cattle increased from 14.5% to 18.2, the phosphorus utilization efficiency increased from 15.8% to 24.910; the nitrogen utilization efficiency of systematical scale (soil-feed cow) increased from 11.3% to 15.8; the phosphorus utilization efficiency increased from 13.3% to 22.3B. The individual scale of cattle farming, The N use efficiency of population scale and system scale decreased before 1985, but gradually increased after 1985. The total loss of nitrogen and phosphorus increased from 1 516 t in 1980 to 16 973 t in 2013, and the total loss of phosphorus increased from 114 t to 1 763 t. The characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus flow in the "soil-feed-cow" production system in Beijing have changed greatly. Nutrient use efficiency and total environmental loss are increasing. This change is due to the increase in the number of aquaculture, the transformation of culture model from traditional to intensive, and the improvement of environmental management measures. It is necessary to improve the sustainable development of urban dairy cattle breeding by adjusting the transformation from quantity to quality and improving feeding technology and management level of feces and urine.
【作者單位】： 植物-土壤相互作用教育部重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室/中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)資源與環(huán)境學(xué)院;中國(guó)科學(xué)院遺傳與發(fā)育生物學(xué)研究所農(nóng)業(yè)資源研究中心/中國(guó)科學(xué)院農(nóng)業(yè)水資源重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室/河北省節(jié)水農(nóng)業(yè)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室;北京市畜牧業(yè)環(huán)境監(jiān)測(cè)站;
【基金】：科技部國(guó)家國(guó)際科技合作專項(xiàng)項(xiàng)目(2015DFG91990) 國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金面上項(xiàng)目(31572210) 中國(guó)科學(xué)院重點(diǎn)部署項(xiàng)目(ZDRW-ZS-2016-5);中國(guó)科學(xué)院“百人計(jì)劃”項(xiàng)目資助~~
【分類號(hào)】：S181;F326.3;X71

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