本文關(guān)鍵詞： 牦牛 食土 草地植被 模型 礦質(zhì)營養(yǎng)　出處：《寧夏大學》2017年碩士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】：本文旨在研究放牧牦牛食土量與草地植被特征因子變化的關(guān)系,并探討食土對牦牛礦物營養(yǎng)水平的潛在影響,為科學預測牦牛食土量和放牧生產(chǎn)實踐中礦物營養(yǎng)調(diào)控提供理論依據(jù)。本試驗位于祁連山東麓高寒草地,試驗選取兩塊經(jīng)圍欄封育1年的天然草地作為耗牛放牧試驗草地,面積均為2.5畝。選取5頭3歲左右的去勢公牦牛作為試驗動物,分別在8月份(暖季)和11月份(冷季)兩個時期,試驗過程中對放牧草地植被高度、蓋度、生物量進行連續(xù)測量。采集試驗區(qū)表層土樣、草地內(nèi)牧草及耗牛血樣、瘤胃液,并通過視頻監(jiān)控收集牦牛糞樣,同時進行分析測定,以鈦元素作為內(nèi)源性標記物估測牦牛食土量。主要試驗結(jié)果如下:1、冷暖季放牧試驗草地主要優(yōu)勢植被的蓋度、高度、生物量均隨著放牧的進行而呈顯著的下降趨勢(P0.01)。季節(jié)差異性分析表明,試驗前期暖季草地植被的蓋度要高于冷季,而植被高度和生物量均低于冷季,但是冷季植被生物量的下降趨勢要高于暖季。2、暖季試驗牦牛擁有較高的日排糞量和日干物質(zhì)采食量;試驗牦牛食土現(xiàn)象廣泛存在,暖冷季試驗牦牛百分食土量分別在2.80%～10.11%和2.13%～13.42%之間;食土量存在顯著的季節(jié)性變化,試驗早期暖季牦牛百分食土量要高于冷季,試驗后期冷季牦牛百分食土量要高于暖季。3、牦牛百分食土量與2天前試驗草地植被優(yōu)勢牧草蓋度、高度及生物量均存在顯著的負相關(guān),這也進一步證實通過元素Ti測定的牦牛食土來源于2天前放牧采食。冷暖季試驗牦牛食土量占日糧比重與針茅蓋度和高度、珠芽蓼蓋度和高度以及總體生物量呈顯著地負相關(guān),與矮生嵩草蓋度、線葉嵩草蓋度和扁蓿豆蓋度呈極顯著地負相關(guān),由其建立的暖季和冷季牦牛食土量估測數(shù)學模型分別為%SI=16.419+1.524 KHH-0.205 SCC+0.067 PVC-0.225 KHC-0.032 TB(R2=0.996,P0.01)和%SI=4.632+0.684 SCH-1.302 KCH-3.259 MRH+1.199 SCC+0.019 TB(R2=0.985,P0.01)。(矮生嵩草高度:KHH,Kobresiahumilis height;針茅蓋度:SCC,Stipacapillata coverage;針茅高度:SCH,Stipacapillata height;珠芽寥蓋度:PVC,Polygonum viviparum coverage;矮生嵩草蓋度:KHC,Kobresiahumilis coverage;扁宿豆高度:MRH,Melissitus ruthenica height;線葉嵩草高度:KCH,Kobresia capillifolia height;百分食土量(食土量占日糧比重):%SI,%soilingestion,生物量:TB,Totalbiomass)。然而,本試驗所建立的冷暖季牦牛食土量估算數(shù)據(jù)模型是在現(xiàn)有的植被特征條件下建立的,在其他草地植被特征條件下是否適應還需進一步的驗證和優(yōu)化。4、冷暖季放牧后期時牦牛血清中Na、K、Pi的含量上升,對K的影響顯著(P0.05),Cu、Fe、Zn、Ca、Mg的含量發(fā)生下降,其中Fe的變化差異顯著(P0.05),Ca、Cu含量低于臨界水平,存在元素缺乏的風險。5、冷暖季試驗后期牦牛瘤胃液中乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、異丁酸、戊酸和異戊酸的含量顯著降低(P0.01),試驗后期草地牧草供給不足,牦牛處于饑餓狀態(tài)有關(guān)。
[Abstract]:The purpose of this paper is to study the relationship between grazing yak feeding soil quantity and grassland vegetation characteristic factors, and to explore the potential effect of grazing soil on the mineral nutrition level of yak. In order to provide a theoretical basis for scientific prediction of yak soil feeding amount and mineral nutrition regulation in grazing practice, the experiment was conducted on alpine grassland in the eastern foot of Qilian Mountain. Two natural grassland fenced for one year were selected as cattle grazing trial grassland. Five ovariectomized male yaks, aged about 3 years, were selected as experimental animals in the periods of August (warm season) and November (cold season). The biomass was continuously measured. The surface soil samples, grass and cattle blood samples, rumen fluid were collected, and yak dung samples were collected by video surveillance. The main results are as follows: 1. The coverage and height of main dominant vegetation in grazing trial grassland in cold and warm season. The biomass decreased significantly with grazing. The seasonal difference analysis showed that the vegetation coverage in warm season was higher than that in cold season, and the vegetation height and biomass were lower than that in cold season. But the decline trend of vegetation biomass in cold season is higher than that in warm season. The experiment yaks have higher daily excrement and daily dry matter intake. In the warm and cold season, the percentage of soil in yak was between 2.80% 10.11% and 2.13% and 13.42%, and there was a significant seasonal change in the amount of soil, and in the early warm season, the percentage of soil eaten by yaks was higher than that in cold season. In the late cold season, the percentage of soil in yak was higher than that in warm season. There was a significant negative correlation between the percentage of soil and the vegetation coverage, height and biomass of the grassland 2 days before the experiment. It was further confirmed that the yak feeding soil determined by element Ti came from grazing and feeding two days ago. In the cold and warm season, the proportion of the yak feeding soil to the diet was negatively correlated with the coverage and height of Stipa, the coverage and height of Polygonum hydrogonum and the total biomass. There was a significant negative correlation between the coverage of Kobresia humilis, Kobresia lanceolata and almond. The mathematical models for estimating the soil quantity of warm season yak and cold season yak were established as follows: SIX16. 419 1. 524 KHH-0.205 SCC 0.067 PVC-0.225 KHC-0.032 TBC R2 0.996P0. 01) and SI4. 632 0. 684 SCH-1.302 KCH-3.259 MRH 1. 199 SCC 0.019 TBP0. 985P0. 1. (KHHH Kobresia humilheightts; Stiapillcoverata; Stipacapillata ightata; Stipacapillata; sprouts); PVCPolygonum viviparum covering; KHCC: Kobresiahumilis coverage. asparagus ruthenica ruthenica height.KCHK Kobresia capillifolia height.The percentage of soil eaten (percentage of feed soil to ration weight), biomass: Tbb total biomassass.However, the ratio of the soil to the diet is the same as that of the Kobresia capillifolia. However, the ratio of Kobresia to Kobresia capillifolia height.The percentage of soil consumed in the diet is 1%, and the biomass is: TBT total biomass.However, the ratio of the soil to the specific gravity of the diet is 1%. The estimation data model of yak feeding soil in cold and warm season was established under the existing vegetation characteristics. It is necessary to further verify and optimize the adaptability of other grassland vegetation characteristics. During the late grazing period of cold and warm season, the content of Na + K Pi in yak serum increases, and the effect on K is significant. The variation of Fe content was significantly lower than the critical level, and there was a risk of element deficiency. In the late cold and warm season test, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, isobutyric acid in yak rumen fluid were detected. The contents of pentanoic acid and isovaleric acid decreased significantly (P 0.01), which was related to the deficiency of grass supply and the starvation of yak in the later stage of the experiment.
【學位授予單位】：寧夏大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：S823.85;S812.8

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