本文選題：應(yīng)激 + 系統(tǒng)論��； 參考：《浙江大學》2007年碩士論文

【摘要】： 應(yīng)激是普遍的生理心理現(xiàn)象�，F(xiàn)代大量的神經(jīng)生物學研究表明應(yīng)激反應(yīng)過程對人類神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的健康成長和發(fā)育至關(guān)重要。這些研究將應(yīng)激反應(yīng)過程分成可控性應(yīng)激反應(yīng)和不可控性應(yīng)激反應(yīng)，前者啟動恰當?shù)恼J知和應(yīng)對模式的神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的固化和易化，后者消滅不恰當?shù)恼J知和應(yīng)對模式的神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)，并且重組某些潛在的不恰當?shù)男袨槟Ｊ降纳窠?jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)。但是過多的和過少的應(yīng)激反應(yīng)可以導致不同的心理發(fā)育障礙和精神障礙。 自20世紀30年代以來，應(yīng)激研究可以概括為以下四種模式：(1)應(yīng)激是引起機體發(fā)生反應(yīng)的刺激物：把應(yīng)激作為自變量，重點放在探討各種有害刺激物的性質(zhì)和特征。(2)應(yīng)激是機體對有害刺激的反應(yīng)：將應(yīng)激作為因變量加以探討。研究重點放在有機體對刺激物的反應(yīng)方面。(3)應(yīng)激是應(yīng)激源和應(yīng)激反應(yīng)間的中介變量：研究調(diào)節(jié)應(yīng)激源與應(yīng)激反應(yīng)間相聯(lián)系的中介因素。(4)應(yīng)激的過程論：應(yīng)激是由應(yīng)激源、多種應(yīng)激中介變量和應(yīng)激反應(yīng)組成的單向過程。 近年來姜乾金教授等通過對心理應(yīng)激多因素的研究，提出了“應(yīng)激系統(tǒng)論”的理論和概念：應(yīng)激是由應(yīng)激源、應(yīng)激反應(yīng)和其它許多有關(guān)因素所構(gòu)成的多因素之間相互作用、反饋調(diào)節(jié)與控制的系統(tǒng)。心理應(yīng)激不是簡單的因與果的關(guān)系或刺激與反應(yīng)的過程。 系統(tǒng)是由一個對象集合和一個建立在這些對象之間的關(guān)系集合而組成的。用符號表示時，系統(tǒng)可以寫為一個有序偶對：S=(M，R)，其中，M和R分別為系統(tǒng)S的對象集和關(guān)系集。 應(yīng)激系統(tǒng)論的實證性研究需要完成兩個任務(wù)：應(yīng)激系統(tǒng)的對象集合和應(yīng)激系統(tǒng)的關(guān)系集合。 目的：擬證實或證偽應(yīng)激系統(tǒng)論，在證實應(yīng)激系統(tǒng)論的基礎(chǔ)上研究應(yīng)激系統(tǒng)論的對象集合和關(guān)系集合。 方法：使用心理壓力反應(yīng)問卷、特質(zhì)應(yīng)對方式問卷、自動思維問卷、領(lǐng)悟社會支持量表、艾森克人格問卷、自編服刑認知評價問卷和自編一般情況問卷對580名男性服刑人員進行調(diào)查，在SPSS13.0軟件、MINITAB和AMOS4.0軟件的支持下作相關(guān)分析、多重線性回歸分析和結(jié)構(gòu)方程建模。 結(jié)果：通過相關(guān)分析、回歸分析和結(jié)構(gòu)方程分析表明對于本研究對象男性服刑人員的應(yīng)激系統(tǒng)的主要對象集是：艾森克人格維度的精神質(zhì)維度、神經(jīng)質(zhì)維度、內(nèi)外向維度、掩飾維度，消極應(yīng)對、積極應(yīng)對、負性自動思維、消極認知、家庭內(nèi)支持、家庭外支持、經(jīng)濟因素和已服刑期。 以應(yīng)激反應(yīng)總分為應(yīng)變量，以通過單因素相關(guān)分析和等級相關(guān)分析表明本研究的可能主要對象集為自變量，進行多元逐步回歸，消極應(yīng)對、負性自動思維、神經(jīng)質(zhì)、消極認知、學歷、掩飾人格(L)、精神質(zhì)人格(P)7個自變量依次進入方程，預測力為70.5％。 結(jié)構(gòu)方程分析表明外向性人格和掩飾性人格傾向于采用積極應(yīng)對策略和爭取家庭外支持，掩飾性人格傾向于采用積極應(yīng)對策略和爭取家庭內(nèi)支持，但同時也采取消極應(yīng)對；神經(jīng)癥性人格傾向于采取消極應(yīng)對策略而不傾向于采取積極應(yīng)對策略，易于產(chǎn)生負性自動思維；精神質(zhì)人格傾向于采取消極應(yīng)對和產(chǎn)生負性自動思維。人格對應(yīng)激反應(yīng)沒有直接的顯著效應(yīng)，但是對應(yīng)激反應(yīng)的標準化間接效應(yīng)總和達0.988。 社會支持對應(yīng)激反應(yīng)沒有直接的顯著效應(yīng)，主要是通過降低負性自動思維和增加積極應(yīng)對來緩沖應(yīng)激反應(yīng)。 不當?shù)膽?yīng)對方式對應(yīng)激反應(yīng)有強大的影響——消極應(yīng)對方式對應(yīng)激反應(yīng)的標準化路徑系數(shù)達0.91。消極應(yīng)對對應(yīng)激反應(yīng)的標準化直接和間接效應(yīng)總和為0.440。積極應(yīng)對對消極應(yīng)對沒有顯著的直接影響，對應(yīng)激反應(yīng)的標準化間接效應(yīng)總和為-0.05．應(yīng)對方式強烈的受到人格的影響，神經(jīng)質(zhì)和精神質(zhì)對消極應(yīng)對的標準化路徑系數(shù)分別達1.08和0.44，內(nèi)外向人格對積極應(yīng)對的標準化路徑系數(shù)達0.26。 從結(jié)構(gòu)上看，負性自動思維和消極認知對應(yīng)激反應(yīng)有強烈的直接和間接的影響，人格、社會支持、應(yīng)對對應(yīng)激反應(yīng)的作用都得經(jīng)過負性自動思維和消極認知(因為消極應(yīng)對里含有消極認知成分)；從效應(yīng)上看，負性自動思維對應(yīng)激反應(yīng)的直接和間接效應(yīng)的標準化路徑系數(shù)之和為0.365(沒有包含消極應(yīng)對里含有認知成分的作用)，負性自動思維對應(yīng)激反應(yīng)的標準化直接和間接效應(yīng)總和為0.365，具有強有力的作用。所以無論從結(jié)構(gòu)上還是從效應(yīng)上，認知評價都可以看作關(guān)鍵性因素。應(yīng)激反應(yīng)對消極認知、消極應(yīng)對有直接的負反饋調(diào)節(jié)作用，但是對負性自動思維沒有直接的負反饋作用；消極認知對負性自動思維有直接的負反饋調(diào)節(jié)作用。家庭內(nèi)支持和家庭外支持之間有正反饋調(diào)節(jié)作用，互相促進。 一般性因素中經(jīng)濟可以直接降低負性自動思維，直接增加領(lǐng)悟的家庭內(nèi)支持。已服刑期增加消極認知，但是已服刑期對應(yīng)激反應(yīng)的總效應(yīng)為負。 結(jié)論：應(yīng)激是應(yīng)激多因素相互聯(lián)系、相互作用和反饋調(diào)節(jié)的系統(tǒng)；其中人格是核心因素，認知評價是關(guān)健因素，應(yīng)對尤其消極應(yīng)對是重要因素。
[Abstract]:Stress is a common physiological phenomenon . A modern large number of neurobiology studies have shown that the stress response process is essential to the healthy growth and development of the human nervous system . These studies divide the stress response process into controlled stress response and uncontrollable stress response , the former starts the neural network of proper cognition and response pattern , and recombines some potential inappropriate behavior patterns neural networks . However , too much and too little stress response can lead to different psychological developmental disorders and mental disorders .









Stress is the mediator between stress source and stress response : ( 3 ) Stress is the mediator between stress source and stress response : ( 4 ) Stress is the mediator between stress source and stress response .









In recent years , the theory and concept of " stress system theory " have been put forward by studying the multi - factor of psychological stress . Stress is the system of interaction , feedback regulation and control between stress source , stress response and many other factors . Psychological stress is not a simple process of the relationship or stimulation and reaction with fruit .









A system is composed of a collection of objects and a set of relationships built between these objects . When represented by a symbol , the system can be written as an ordered pair : S = ( M , R ) , where M and R are the set of objects and the relationship set of the system S , respectively .









The empirical research of stress system theory needs to complete two tasks : the object set of stress system and the relation set of stress system .









Objective : To validate the theory of stress system theory and to study the collection of subject and relationship of stress system theory on the basis of confirmation of stress system theory .









Methods : 580 male prisoners were investigated by using psychological stress response questionnaire , trait coping style questionnaire , automatic thinking questionnaire , comprehension social support scale , Eysenck personality questionnaire , self - editing service sentences cognitive assessment questionnaire and self - compiled general questionnaire . The correlation analysis , multiple linear regression analysis and structural equation modeling were carried out under the support of SPSS 13.0 software , MINITAB and AMOS4.0 software .









Results : According to the correlation analysis , regression analysis and structural equation analysis , the main objects of stress system for male prisoners in this study were : the mental dimension , the neuroticism dimension , the inner and outer dimensions , the cover dimension , the negative coping , the positive response , the negative automatic thinking , the negative cognition , the family support , the family support , the economic factors and the serving time period .









Based on the correlation analysis and grade correlation analysis of single factor , the possible main object sets of this study were independent variables , multiple stepwise regression , passive coping , negative automatic thinking , neuroticism , negative cognition , education background , disguised personality ( L ) , psychoticism personality ( P ) 7 independent variables entered the equation in turn , and the predicted power was 70.5 % .









The structural equation shows that extroversion personality and disguised personality tend to adopt positive coping strategies and seek out family support , disguised personality tends to adopt positive coping strategies and seek domestic support , but at the same time negative coping is taken ;
Neurotic personality tends to take negative coping strategies , not to take active coping strategies , which is easy to generate negative automatic thinking ;
The mental personality tends to take negative coping and negative self - thinking . The personality has no direct effect on stress response , but the total indirect effect on stress response is 0.988 .









Social support has no direct effect on stress response , mainly buffering stress response by reducing negative automatic thinking and increasing positive response .









The improper response has a strong effect on the stress reaction . The normalized path coefficient of the response is 0.91 . The negative response to the normalized direct and indirect effects of the stress response is 0.440 . The positive response to the negative response has no significant direct effect , and the sum of the normalized indirect effects to the stress response is - 0.05 . The way of coping style is strongly influenced by personality , and the standardized path coefficient of neuroticism and psychoticism to passive coping is 1.08 and 0.44 , and the standardized path coefficient of extroversion personality to positive response is 0.26 .









In terms of structure , negative automatic thinking and negative cognition have strong direct and indirect effects on stress response , personality and social support .
From the effect , the sum of the positive and indirect effects of negative automatic thinking on the direct and indirect effects of stress response is 0.365 ( which does not contain the action of cognitive component in passive coping ) . The negative automatic thinking can be regarded as the key factor for the normalized direct and indirect effects of stress response .
Negative cognition has a direct negative feedback effect on negative automatic thinking . There is positive feedback regulation between family support and family support .









In general , the economy can directly reduce the negative automatic thinking and directly increase the support in the family . The probation period increases the negative cognition , but the total effect of the sentence period on the stress response is negative .









Conclusion : Stress is a system of interrelated , interactive and feedback regulation of stress factors .
Among them , personality is the core factor , the cognitive evaluation is the key factor , and it is an important factor to deal with especially negative coping .
【學位授予單位】：浙江大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2007
【分類號】：R395

【引證文獻】

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