【摘要】：淋巴集結(jié)主要分布于人和動(dòng)物的回腸，是黏膜免疫反應(yīng)的主要誘導(dǎo)部位，不同物種之間淋巴集結(jié)的分布、數(shù)量、形態(tài)都不相同，為了揭示牦牛小腸黏膜的免疫形態(tài)學(xué)特征及其與年齡的關(guān)系本研究運(yùn)用大體解剖學(xué)、組織學(xué)、組織化學(xué)、顯微測(cè)量的方法對(duì)不同年齡牦牛小腸淋巴結(jié)節(jié)的形態(tài)進(jìn)行了觀察，將20頭牦牛分為4個(gè)年齡組，分別為幼年牦牛（0.5歲、1歲、1.5歲）、青年牦牛（2歲、2.5歲、3歲）、壯年牦牛（4歲、5歲、6歲）、老年牦牛（8歲、9歲、10歲），對(duì)淋巴集結(jié)的形態(tài)、分布部位、數(shù)量進(jìn)行了觀察和統(tǒng)計(jì)，并對(duì)不同年齡牦牛小腸黏膜免疫相關(guān)細(xì)胞的數(shù)量進(jìn)行了計(jì)數(shù)。結(jié)果：（1）大體解剖學(xué)觀察顯示牦牛小腸分布有2種不同形態(tài)的淋巴集結(jié)，即結(jié)節(jié)狀和蜂窩狀，結(jié)節(jié)狀淋巴集結(jié)分布于十二指腸膨大部，蜂窩狀淋巴集結(jié)分布于空腸、回腸，空腸和回腸的淋巴集結(jié)形狀都是長(zhǎng)條形，淋巴集結(jié)長(zhǎng)度在0.4cm～17cm之間，寬度在0.2cm～3.7cm之間。淋巴集結(jié)的數(shù)量與年齡有關(guān)，在青年時(shí)期達(dá)到最大，以后逐漸減少，淋巴集結(jié)的外觀形態(tài)并未隨年齡發(fā)生變化，淋巴集結(jié)在10歲時(shí)仍有大量分布；（2）組織學(xué)顯示牦牛小腸淋巴集結(jié)的發(fā)達(dá)程度與年齡密切相關(guān)，青年時(shí)期牦牛小腸淋巴組織最發(fā)達(dá)，顯微測(cè)量發(fā)現(xiàn)青年牦�；啬c中段淋巴集結(jié)的厚度達(dá)903.20μm，回腸黏膜下層完全被大量淋巴集結(jié)所占據(jù)，淋巴集結(jié)由2～3層淋巴小結(jié)排列而成，淋巴組織分布密集，固有層中常見孤立淋巴小結(jié)和從黏膜下層突進(jìn)來(lái)的淋巴小結(jié)的圓頂區(qū)，在圓頂區(qū)的濾泡相關(guān)上皮內(nèi)有大量上皮內(nèi)淋巴細(xì)胞，青年牦牛圓頂區(qū)的數(shù)量最多，隨年齡增長(zhǎng)淋巴集結(jié)的厚度逐漸減小，壯年、老年牦�；啬c淋巴小結(jié)和淋巴集結(jié)的數(shù)量明顯減少；（3）細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)結(jié)果顯示牦牛小腸黏膜免疫相關(guān)細(xì)胞在小腸中的分布趨勢(shì)是：從十二指腸到回腸上皮內(nèi)淋巴細(xì)胞、杯狀細(xì)胞、肥大細(xì)胞的數(shù)量逐漸減少，而嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞、漿細(xì)胞的數(shù)量從前往后呈增多趨勢(shì)。隨著年齡增長(zhǎng)，以上各種免疫相關(guān)細(xì)胞的數(shù)量均逐步增多，青年時(shí)期達(dá)到最多，，之后隨著年齡的增加小腸黏膜免疫相關(guān)細(xì)胞的數(shù)量又逐漸減少，老年牦牛小腸黏膜免疫相關(guān)細(xì)胞的數(shù)量較青年、壯年牦牛明顯減少（P0.05)。以上研究結(jié)果表明青年期牦牛的小腸黏膜免疫功能是最強(qiáng)的。 莫尼茨絳蟲是寄生于綿羊、山羊、牛等反芻動(dòng)物小腸的一種大型絳蟲，也是最具破壞性的體內(nèi)寄生蟲之一，導(dǎo)致動(dòng)物死亡率升高、經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值降低以及許多病理變化。不同于羊、黃牛等其他反芻動(dòng)物，莫尼茨絳蟲對(duì)成年牦牛的致病性很弱，成年牦牛感染后幾乎沒有臨床癥狀。我們推測(cè)這可能與牦牛消化道黏膜免疫功能有關(guān)，為了分析消化道局部黏膜免疫相關(guān)細(xì)胞在抗莫尼茨絳蟲感染中的作用，本研究采用組織學(xué)、組織化學(xué)、細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)以及統(tǒng)計(jì)分析的方法對(duì)感染牦牛小腸黏膜免疫相關(guān)細(xì)胞（上皮內(nèi)淋巴細(xì)胞、杯狀細(xì)胞、嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞、漿細(xì)胞、肥大細(xì)胞）的水平進(jìn)行了分析并同正常組做了比較，并運(yùn)用掃描電鏡技術(shù)對(duì)小腸M細(xì)胞進(jìn)行了觀察。結(jié)果顯示（1）感染組小腸各段上皮內(nèi)淋巴細(xì)胞較對(duì)照組明顯增多，差異極顯著(P0.01)，感染組小腸杯狀細(xì)胞、嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞、漿細(xì)胞、肥大細(xì)胞的分布數(shù)量也均較正常組高，之間差異極顯著(P0.01)；（2）幾種黏膜免疫相關(guān)細(xì)胞在小腸的分布趨勢(shì)是：從十二指腸到回腸上皮內(nèi)淋巴細(xì)胞、杯狀細(xì)胞、肥大細(xì)胞的數(shù)量逐漸減少，而嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞、漿細(xì)胞的數(shù)量從前往后呈增多趨勢(shì)，除空腸和回腸漿細(xì)胞數(shù)量差異不顯著（P＞0.05），其余幾種黏膜免疫相關(guān)細(xì)胞在小腸各段的分布數(shù)量均差異顯著（P0.05）；（3）掃描電鏡結(jié)果顯示感染組部分腸絨毛斷裂或脫落，圓頂區(qū)的數(shù)量較對(duì)照組多，圓頂區(qū)濾泡相關(guān)上皮中M細(xì)胞的數(shù)量也較對(duì)照組多。研究結(jié)果表明莫尼茨絳蟲感染可引起成年牦牛感染部位黏膜免疫相關(guān)細(xì)胞的大量增生，這幾種細(xì)胞分別參與特異性和非特異性免疫應(yīng)答，通過(guò)強(qiáng)烈的免疫應(yīng)答反應(yīng)來(lái)抵抗蟲體對(duì)機(jī)體的侵害，這可能是莫尼茨絳蟲對(duì)成年牦牛致病力弱的主要原因。
[Abstract]:Lymphatic staging is mainly distributed in the ileum of human and animal, is the main inducing part of mucosal immune response, and the distribution, quantity and form of the lymph node assembly between different species are not the same, In order to reveal the characteristics of the immune morphology of the small intestinal mucosa of yak and its relationship with age, the morphology of the small intestinal lymph node was observed by the method of general anatomy, histology, histochemistry and micro-measurement. The 20-head yak was divided into 4 age groups. The morphology, distribution and number of young yak (0. 5, 1, 1. 5), young yak (2, 2, 5, 3), old yak (4, 5, 6), and old yak (8, 9, 10) were observed and counted. The number of immune-related cells in the small intestine of yak was counted. Results: (1) The general anatomical observation showed that the distribution of the small intestine in the yak was 2 different forms of the lymphoid build-up, that is, the nodular and cellular, the nodular-like lymph node was distributed in the enlargement of the duodenum, and the cell-like lymph node was distributed in the jejunum and the ileum. The shape of the lymph node in the jejunum and the ileum was long and the length of the lymph node was between 0. 4cm and 17cm, and the width was between 0.2cm and 3.7cm. The number of lymph nodes was related to the age, reached the maximum during the period of the youth, gradually decreased, the appearance of the lymphoid assembly did not change with age, and the lymph node assembly still had a large number of distribution at the age of 10; (2) Histologically, the developed degree and age of the lymph node in the small intestine of the yak were closely related to the age. The most developed and microscopic measurement of the small intestinal lymphoid tissue in the young yak was found to be 903.20. m u.m in the middle of the ileum of the young yak, and the lower layer of the ileal mucosa was completely occupied by a large number of lymph nodes. The lymph node assembly consists of 2-3 layers of lymphoid nodules, the lymphoid tissue is densely distributed, the common isolated lymphoid nodules in the intrinsic layer and the dome region of the lymph node protruding from the submucosal layer, and a large amount of intraepithelial lymphocytes in the follicular-related epithelium of the dome region, The number of yaks in the young yak was the most, the thickness of the lymph node was gradually decreased with the age, and the number of the lymphoid nodules and the lymph nodes in the old yak was significantly reduced. (3) The cell count showed that the distribution of the immune-related cells in the small intestine was the following: The number of lymphocytes, cup-like cells and mast cells from the duodenum to the ileal epithelium is gradually reduced, while the number of eosinophils and plasma cells is increasing from the front to the back. With the increase of age, the number of the above-mentioned various kinds of immune-related cells increased gradually, the number of young people reached the maximum, and the number of immune-related cells of the small intestinal mucosa gradually decreased with age, and the number of immune-related cells in the small intestinal mucosa of the old yak was smaller. In the middle-aged and middle-aged yak, the yak was significantly reduced (P0.05). The above results show that the immune function of the small intestinal mucosa of the green yak is the strongest. Monitinib is a large parasitic worm that is parasitic in the small intestine of the ruminants such as sheep, goats, cattle and the like, and is one of the most destructive in-vivo parasites, resulting in an increase in animal mortality, a reduction in economic value, and a number of pathological changes. It is different from other ruminants such as sheep, yellow cattle and other ruminants. It may be related to the immune function of the digestive tract of yak. In order to analyze the effect of the local mucosal immune-related cells of the digestive tract in the infection of the anti-monniac, this study is made of histological and texturizing. The level of immune-related cells (intraepithelial lymphocytes, cup-like cells, eosinophils, plasma cells, mast cells) of the small intestinal mucosa of the infected yak was analyzed and compared with the normal group. The small intestine M cells were treated with scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that (1) The number of lymphocytes in the small intestine of the infected group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P0.01). The distribution of small intestinal cup-like cells, eosinophils, plasma cells and mast cells in the infected group was also higher than that in the normal group (P0.01). (2) The distribution of several mucosal immune-related cells in the small intestine is that the number of lymphocytes, cup-like cells and mast cells from the duodenum to the ileal epithelium is gradually reduced, while the number of eosinophils and plasma cells is increasing from the front to the back. There was no significant difference in the number of plasma cells in the jejunum and the ileum (P> 0.05). The distribution of the other mucosal immune-related cells in the small intestine was significant (P0.05). (3) The scanning electron microscope showed that some of the intestinal villi in the infected group were broken or shed, and the number of the dome areas was higher than that of the control group. In addition, the number of M cells in the follicular-related epithelium of the dome was also higher than that in the control group. The results of the study show that the infection of Monitinib can cause a lot of proliferation of the immune-related cells in the infected part of the adult yak, which are involved in the specific and non-specific immune responses, respectively, and are resistant to the invasion of the body by the strong immune response. It may be the main source of the weak pathogenic force of the monniac worm to the adult yaks.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：甘肅農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：R392

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