【摘要】：研究背景：軀干肌群特指位于人體背部、腹部和盆骶等軀干部位的骨骼肌,參與軀干運動實現(xiàn)和脊柱穩(wěn)定性維系等,在日常生活、工作、學(xué)習(xí)和勞動過程中發(fā)揮重要作用。研究表明,軀干肌群既是軀干運動的動力來源,同時部分軀干肌肉尤其是背部深層肌肉和腹部肌肉也是維系軀干和脊柱穩(wěn)定的基本要素,軀干肌群運動控制障礙、肌肉力量減小和肌肉耐力減弱不僅影響軀干肌群乃至機體整體做功能力和做功效率,而且還與包括慢性腰痛等在內(nèi)的多種脊柱相關(guān)疾病的發(fā)病密切相關(guān)。近年來,隨著人類勞動和工作方式的轉(zhuǎn)變,研究不同活動條件下軀干肌群基本活動規(guī)律,探討軀干肌群中樞運動控制機制,已成為工程心理學(xué)、工程生理學(xué)和勞動衛(wèi)生學(xué)等領(lǐng)域倍受關(guān)注的研究課題。 目的：采用表面肌電信號分析技術(shù),研究軀干肌群分別在完成意向性運動、反射性運動和形式化運動過程中表面肌電信號變化規(guī)律,探討軀干肌肉活動的中樞運動控制策略。在此基礎(chǔ)上,以搬舉、疲勞和長期臥床為例,研究不同作業(yè)姿勢、運動性肌肉疲勞和30天頭低位臥床對軀干肌群活動水平、中樞運動控制和肌肉功能狀態(tài)等方面的影響,深化軀干肌群人機工效學(xué)基礎(chǔ)理論及其應(yīng)用研究。 方法：采用表面肌電信號分析技術(shù),觀察軀干肌群在完成隨意前屈、后伸、左屈、右屈、左旋、右旋及不同負荷條件下表面肌電信號活動的基本規(guī)律,探討軀干肌群隨意運動控制策略；采用軀干肌群前饋控制研究范式,研究反射性運動條件下軀干肌群表面肌電信號活動特征,探討主觀心理預(yù)期效應(yīng)和運動性肌肉疲勞對軀干肌群前饋控制作用的影響；采用表面肌電步態(tài)分析方法,研究步行速度和負荷重量對軀干肌群表面肌電活動的影響；選取四種常見搬舉作業(yè)姿勢,研究不同搬舉姿勢和負重對相關(guān)軀干肌群信號活動的影響；通過30天頭低位臥床試驗,研究限制運動對背伸肌MVC、腰部肌肉抗疲勞能力、突發(fā)加載下腰部肌肉快速反應(yīng)時間及屈放松能力的影響。 結(jié)果：(1)軀干在完成前屈和后伸運動時腰腹部肌肉表面肌電呈現(xiàn)對稱活動現(xiàn)象,前屈時腰部多裂肌和腹橫肌活動在負荷重量超過20%體重時出現(xiàn)明顯增強；后伸時腹外斜肌活動隨負荷增大明顯增強；軀干在完成側(cè)屈運動時腰部多裂肌和豎脊肌表面肌電呈現(xiàn)對稱活動現(xiàn)象,而腹外斜肌呈現(xiàn)對側(cè)增強效應(yīng)；軀干旋轉(zhuǎn)時多裂肌活動和腹外斜肌活動不存在單側(cè)效應(yīng),而豎脊肌活動存在同側(cè)增強效應(yīng),其活動也隨負荷增加而增加；(2)步行速度對腰腿部肌肉表面肌電活動有明顯影響,其中腿部肌肉肌電活動增強更明顯,而負荷重量在30%體重以下對腰腿部肌肉表面肌電活動沒有顯著影響。(3)心理預(yù)期不影響突發(fā)失衡下的腰腹部肌肉快速反應(yīng)時間及快速反應(yīng)強度,肌肉疲勞可使同側(cè)多裂肌和豎脊肌快速反應(yīng)時間延長,其排序為：腹橫肌多裂肌豎脊肌。肌肉疲勞使雙側(cè)多裂肌快速反應(yīng)強度明顯減小。(4)睜閉眼不影響突發(fā)失衡下的腰腿部肌肉快速反應(yīng)時間及快速反應(yīng)強度,有預(yù)期的情況下同側(cè)脛骨前肌快速反應(yīng)時間明顯延長,突發(fā)失衡時異側(cè)脛骨前肌快速反應(yīng)時間最短、快速反應(yīng)強度最大。脛骨前肌活動存在對側(cè)增強現(xiàn)象,失衡時異側(cè)脛骨前肌快速反應(yīng)時間小于同側(cè)脛骨前肌,而快速反應(yīng)強度則大于同側(cè)脛骨前肌,腓腸肌活動存在同側(cè)增強效應(yīng),同側(cè)腓腸肌快速反應(yīng)強度大于異側(cè)腓腸肌。(5)搬舉作業(yè)過程中腹直肌不受搬舉姿勢和搬舉重量的影響,隨著搬舉重量增加腰部多裂肌和腰部豎脊肌活動相應(yīng)增加。右側(cè)腰部多裂肌和右側(cè)腰部豎脊肌受搬舉姿勢的影響,雙膝彎曲的搬舉姿勢動用肌肉活動較��；(6)30天頭低位臥床能夠明顯誘發(fā)受試者腰部多裂肌和豎脊肌屈放松消失現(xiàn)象,可使腰部多裂肌和豎脊肌的AEMGmvc下降36%和47%,使MPF下降率提高64%和56%,分別使腰部多裂肌和豎脊肌的快速反應(yīng)時間延長21%和25%,但是用于觀察主觀心理預(yù)期作用的睜眼和閉眼因素并不構(gòu)成對該兩塊肌肉運動控制的影響。 結(jié)論：(1)軀干在完成意向性軀干運動時腰部多裂肌通過雙側(cè)協(xié)同收縮的控制策略維系脊柱穩(wěn)定性；(2)人體在完成型式化步行運動時,腰腿部肌肉活動水平隨步行速度加快而提高,其中以腿部肌肉活動增強更為明顯；(3)主觀心理預(yù)期對突發(fā)失衡條件下腰腹部肌肉快速反應(yīng)時間及快速反應(yīng)強度沒有顯著影響,但可以明顯加快腿部同側(cè)脛骨前肌的快速反應(yīng)時間。(4)下肢突發(fā)失衡條件下,軀干穩(wěn)定肌的活動早于軀干運動肌；(5)肌肉疲勞可使同側(cè)腰部多裂肌和豎脊肌快速反應(yīng)時間延長；(6)雙膝彎曲的搬舉作業(yè)姿勢對軀干肌群活動水平影響較小,建議搬舉作業(yè)應(yīng)采用雙膝彎曲的方式且搬舉重量不宜超過60%體重；(7)30天頭低位臥床能夠造成受試者腰部多裂肌和豎脊肌肌電活動屈放松消失,并使腰部多裂肌和豎脊肌的MVC和抗疲勞能力大幅下降；能夠是腰部多裂肌和豎脊肌快速反應(yīng)時間明顯延長,但睜閉眼不對肌肉快速反應(yīng)時間產(chǎn)生影響。
[Abstract]:Background: The trunk muscle group refers to skeletal muscle, which is located on the back, abdomen and pelvic floor of human body. It plays an important role in daily life, work, study and labor. The study shows that the trunk muscle group is both the power source of the trunk motion, while the part of the trunk muscle, especially the deep muscular and abdominal muscles of the back, is the essential element to maintain the stability of the trunk and the spine, and the trunk muscle group movement control disorder, The decrease of muscle strength and weakening of muscle endurance affect not only the work ability and work efficiency of the trunk muscle group and even the whole body, but also closely related to the pathogenesis of a variety of spinal-related diseases, including chronic lumbago. In recent years, with the transformation of human labor and working methods, the basic activities of trunk muscle group were studied under different activity conditions, and the mechanism of central motion control of trunk muscle group was discussed. It has become an important research topic in the fields of engineering psychology, engineering physiology and labor hygiene. Objective: To study the changes of surface muscle electric signals in the course of intentional motion, reflex movement and formalization of the trunk muscle group, and to explore the central motion control of the trunk muscle activity by using the surface myoelectric signal analysis technique. Strategies. On the basis of this, the authors studied the effects of different working postures, exercise muscle fatigue and 30-day head lower lying in bed on the activity level, central motion control and muscle function status of the trunk muscle group in the cases of lifting, fatigue and long-term bed-bed. The Basic Theory of Ergonomics and Its Application to Deepen Trunk Muscle Group Methods: Surface EMG signal analysis was used to observe the basic rules of surface myoelectric signal activity under arbitrary anterior flexion, posterior extension, left flexion, right flexion, left-hand, right-hand, right-hand and different loading conditions, and to explore the random transportation of trunk muscle group. To investigate the effect of subjective psychological expectation effect and motor muscle fatigue on the feedforward control of trunk muscle group, and to study the effect of subjective psychological expectation effect and motor muscle fatigue on the feedforward control of trunk muscle group. The influence of walking speed and weight on the electrical activity of the surface muscle of the trunk muscle group was studied by state analysis method. Four kinds of common carrying posture were selected to study the effect of different lifting postures and weight on the signal activities of the related trunk muscle group. Extensor MVC, waist muscle fatigue resistance, sudden-loading lower lumbar muscle quick response time and flexor relaxation Results: (1) When the trunk was subjected to anterior and posterior flexion, the muscular surface of the lumbar muscles showed symmetrical activity. The increase of the load was obviously enhanced; when the trunk was subjected to lateral flexion movement, the muscle of the lumbar multi-split muscle and the surface muscle of the vertical spine showed symmetrical activity, while the extraabdominal oblique muscle exhibited a side enhancement effect; when the trunk was rotated, there was no unilateral effect on the activity of the multi-split muscle and the activity of the extraabdominal oblique muscle, and the activity of the vertical spine muscle There is the same side enhancement effect, and its activity increases with the increase of load; (2) the walking speed has a significant effect on the electrical activity of the muscle surface of the waist and legs, in which the electrical activity of the leg muscles is enhanced more clearly, and the weight of the load is below 30% of the body weight. There is no significant effect on the activity. (3) The psychological expectation does not affect the rapid reaction time and rapid reaction strength of the waist and abdomen under the sudden imbalance, and the muscle fatigue can prolong the rapid reaction time of the multi-split and vertical ridges on the same side, which is sorted as: abdomen. Muscle fatigue to rapid double-side multiple-fissure muscles The reaction intensity is obviously reduced. (4) the rapid reaction time and the rapid reaction intensity of the waist and leg muscles under the sudden imbalance are not influenced by the eyes open, and the rapid reaction time of the anterior muscle of the lateral tibia is obviously prolonged when the sudden imbalance is expected, and the rapid reaction time of the anterior muscle of the isoside tibia is shortest when the burst is out of balance, The rapid response intensity is the largest. The anterior muscle activity of the tibia has a side enhancement phenomenon, the rapid response time of the anterior muscle of the isoside tibia is less than that of the anterior tibial muscle of the same side, and the rapid reaction intensity is greater than that of the anterior muscle of the same side. The anterior muscle activity of the same side is stronger than that of the anterior muscle of the same side, and that of the same side is stronger than that of the lateral tibial muscle. (5) During the lifting operation, the abdominal straight muscle is not affected by the lifting posture and the lifting weight, There is a corresponding increase in the activity of the spine muscles. The right lumbar multi-fissure and right lumbar spine muscles are affected by the lifting posture, and the double-knee-bending lifting posture uses less muscle activity; (6) the 30-day head lower bed can obviously induce the multi-lobed and vertical ridges on the waist of the subject. The disappearance of muscle flexor was reduced by 36% and 47%, and the decrease rate of MPF was increased by 64% and 56%, respectively. 21% and 25% long, but the eye-opening and eye-closing factors used to observe the intended action of subjective psychology do not constitute a pair of the two muscles Conclusion: (1) The trunk is able to maintain the stability of the spine by the double-side co-contraction control strategy when the trunk movement is completed; (2) When the human body completes the pattern-based walking movement, the muscles of the waist and leg muscles are active. (3) The subjective psychology is expected to have no significant influence on the rapid reaction time and the rapid reaction strength of the muscle of the waist and abdomen under the condition of sudden imbalance, but the same side of the leg can be obviously accelerated. The rapid response time of the anterior tibial muscle. (4) Under the condition of lower limb burst, the activity of the trunk stabilizing muscle is earlier than that of the trunk muscle; (5) muscle fatigue can prolong the rapid reaction time of the multi-split and vertical ridges on the same side; and (6) the double-knee-bending lifting operation posture is human. The effect of the activity level of the dry muscle group is relatively small. It is suggested that the lifting operation should adopt a double-knee bending mode and the lifting weight should not exceed 60% of the body weight; (7) the 30-day head lower bed can cause the electrical activity of the lumbar multi-lobed and vertical ridges of the subject to relax and disappear, and the MV of the lumbar multi-fissure and the vertical spine muscles can be reduced. C and anti-fatigue capacity dropped significantly; it could be a significant extension of the rapid response time of the lumbar multi-split muscle and the vertical spine muscle, but the eyes were open to the muscle.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：浙江大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：R363

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