心臟細(xì)胞療法:致瘤性評估與旁分泌機(jī)制探索
發(fā)布時間:2018-01-15 11:36
本文關(guān)鍵詞:心臟細(xì)胞療法:致瘤性評估與旁分泌機(jī)制探索 出處:《南京醫(yī)科大學(xué)》2012年博士論文 論文類型:學(xué)位論文
更多相關(guān)文章: 誘導(dǎo)的多潛能干細(xì)胞 骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞 細(xì)胞療法 致瘤性 旁分泌作用
【摘要】:背景: 自從干細(xì)胞被發(fā)現(xiàn)以來,許多學(xué)者致力于研究如何通過干細(xì)胞移植治療各種心臟疾病導(dǎo)致的終末期心力衰竭。近年來,該領(lǐng)域出現(xiàn)了兩大重要進(jìn)展。其一,是出現(xiàn)了新的干細(xì)胞來源——誘導(dǎo)的多潛能干細(xì)胞(induced pluripotent stem cell, iPS細(xì)胞);其二,是發(fā)現(xiàn)了干細(xì)胞療法的新的作用機(jī)制——旁分泌機(jī)制。本論文分三個部分,分別研究iPS細(xì)胞和旁分泌機(jī)制在心臟的干細(xì)胞療法中的應(yīng)用。 由于iPS細(xì)胞的重編程誘導(dǎo)過程本身使其具有致瘤可能,因此,要將iPS細(xì)胞應(yīng)用于臨床,應(yīng)警惕其致瘤風(fēng)險。我們在本文的第一部分評估了經(jīng)心肌移植未分化iPS細(xì)胞在未受免疫抑制的同種異基因受體中是否會形成腫瘤。 越來越多的證據(jù)提示,干細(xì)胞移植治療心臟疾病所獲得的效果,并非得益于干細(xì)胞的原位再生,而是來自于移植細(xì)胞通過旁分泌作用對心臟宿主細(xì)胞的影響。心肌細(xì)胞是心臟中占體積最大的細(xì)胞,是心臟功能的主要執(zhí)行者;心臟成纖維細(xì)胞(cardiac fibroblast, CF)是心臟中占數(shù)量最多的細(xì)胞,在心臟結(jié)構(gòu)重構(gòu)和電學(xué)重構(gòu)過程中起重要作用。我們在本文的第二部分和第三部分,分別探索了干細(xì)胞通過其旁分泌機(jī)制,對這兩種心臟宿主細(xì)胞的作用。 成年哺乳動物的心臟長期以來被認(rèn)為是終末分化器官。然而,近來發(fā)現(xiàn)成年心臟也能夠進(jìn)行心肌細(xì)胞更新。因此,細(xì)胞衰老可能在心臟衰老的病理過程中起到重要作用。在本文第二部分,我們探索了干細(xì)胞是否能夠通過旁分泌機(jī)制抑制心肌的細(xì)胞衰老。 在動物模型中,骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞(bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stemcell, BM-MSC)移植能夠減弱心臟纖維化;體外研究發(fā)現(xiàn),這種抗纖維化作用可能來自于MSC分泌的旁分泌因子對細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)的直接作用,或來自于MSC通過旁分泌作用抑制CF的增殖并下調(diào)其膠原合成能力的間接作用。另外,動物實驗和臨床研究表明,MSC移植能夠維持心臟的電學(xué)穩(wěn)定。為了探索MSC移植改善心臟結(jié)構(gòu)重構(gòu)和電學(xué)重構(gòu)的機(jī)制,我們在本文的第三部分,研究了MSC通過旁分泌對CF的表型、功能與電學(xué)特征的影響。 方法: 第一部分中,我們以未受免疫抑制的同種異基因大鼠為受體,其中包括心梗大鼠與正常大鼠,經(jīng)心肌向其移植大鼠iPS細(xì)胞系M13細(xì)胞。細(xì)胞劑量分別為2×104、2×105和2×106;移植時間分別2、4和6周。我們通過蘇木素-伊紅染色的組織學(xué)檢查分析腫瘤形成率和分化情況。 第二部分中,我們收集iPS細(xì)胞在正常條件和氧化應(yīng)激條件下的培養(yǎng)上清液作為大鼠心肌來源細(xì)胞系H9c2細(xì)胞的條件培養(yǎng)液(conditioned medium,CM)。我們使用經(jīng)CM處理或無CM處理的H9c2細(xì)胞通過缺氧/復(fù)氧來誘導(dǎo)其發(fā)生細(xì)胞衰老。 第三部分中,我們將成人心室成纖維細(xì)胞(human cardiac fibroblasts-adult ventricle, HCF-av)進(jìn)行體外血清饑餓培養(yǎng),模擬以缺血缺氧為主的心臟病理環(huán)境。然后將人類BM-MSC (human BM-MSC, hBM-MSC)與HCF-av進(jìn)行非接觸式共培養(yǎng),檢測hBM-MSC通過旁分泌作用對HCF-av的細(xì)胞表型標(biāo)志物、細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)和縫隙連接蛋白在mRNA水平表達(dá)的影響。此外,我們分析了HCF-av鈉離子通道和鉀離子通道的表達(dá)譜及其變化。 結(jié)果: 1.未分化的大鼠iPS細(xì)胞會在心內(nèi)和心外區(qū)域生成異質(zhì)性腫瘤。移植的細(xì)胞劑量、移植時間以及受體大鼠心梗與否對腫瘤發(fā)生率無顯著影響。 2.iPS細(xì)胞來源的CM能夠減弱H9c2細(xì)胞中衰老相關(guān)p-半乳糖苷酶的活性,降低G1細(xì)胞周期阻滯,并減少衰老標(biāo)志基因p16INK4a、p21Wafl/Cip1和p53的表達(dá)。而且iPS來源的CM較H9c2來源的CM含有更高濃度的營養(yǎng)因子。 3. hBM-MSC皂夠通過旁分泌作用,上調(diào)HCF-av中平滑肌細(xì)胞肌動蛋白a (alpha smooth muscle actin, a-SMA)和胸腺細(xì)胞分化抗原1(thymocyte differentiation antigen1, THY-1, CD90)的表達(dá);下調(diào)多種細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)的表達(dá),包括Ⅰ型膠原、纖連蛋白、腱糖蛋白C、層粘連蛋白和基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶組織抑制劑1;并下調(diào)縫隙蛋白40(Connexin40, CX40)、CX43和CX45的表達(dá)。Nav1.5和Nav1.7是HCF-av中表達(dá)的主要鈉離子通道。其中Nav1.5在病理狀態(tài)下表達(dá)上調(diào), hBM-MSC能通過旁分泌作用抑制這種病理性上調(diào);而Navl.7的表達(dá)較穩(wěn)定。HVF-av表達(dá)的主要鉀離子通道包括:Kv1.3、Kv1.5、Kv4.2. Kv4.3、Kca1.1、Kca3.1、Kir2.1、Kir2.3、Kir6.1和Kir6.2。它們均在病理狀態(tài)下表達(dá)上調(diào)。hBM-MSC能通過旁分泌作用抑制這種病理性上調(diào)。Kv7.1、Kv11.1和Kir4.1在HCF-av中無表達(dá)或表達(dá)很低。 結(jié)論: 1.在心臟內(nèi)行同種異基因移植iPS細(xì)胞會導(dǎo)致原位腫瘤形成。此外,從搏動心臟中漏出的細(xì)胞可能成為腫瘤播散的潛在來源。 2.iPS細(xì)胞分泌的旁分泌因子能夠通過抑制p53-p21wafl/Cip1和P16INK4a-pRb通路,延緩H9c2細(xì)胞受應(yīng)激誘導(dǎo)后發(fā)生細(xì)胞衰老。而雕iPS細(xì)胞經(jīng)受氧化應(yīng)激后仍能保持上述防細(xì)胞衰老的旁分泌作用。 3.MSC移植對心臟結(jié)構(gòu)重構(gòu)和電學(xué)重構(gòu)的改善,可能是通過其旁分泌效應(yīng)起作用的,且其具體的作用機(jī)制可能包括以下幾點:1)減少細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)過量沉積;2)提高CF修補(bǔ)心臟損傷的能力與效率,避免其過量增殖,抑制心臟纖維化;3)減弱CF與心肌細(xì)胞的病理性耦聯(lián),抑制其對心肌細(xì)胞電生理特性的影響;4)恢復(fù)CF本身的膜電流特性。 意義: 1.本文首次報道了iPS細(xì)胞行同種異基因心肌內(nèi)移植致腫瘤形成,強(qiáng)調(diào)了在將iPS細(xì)胞用于心臟疾病的治療前,應(yīng)進(jìn)行嚴(yán)格的安全評估。 2.本文首次報道了干細(xì)胞療法的抗細(xì)胞衰老作用,這種作用可能成為治療衰老相關(guān)心血管疾病的嶄新治療策略。 3.本文首次在人類細(xì)胞中證明MSC對CF的旁分泌作用;也是首次提出MSC可以通過對CF的旁分泌作用改善心臟的電學(xué)重構(gòu)。
[Abstract]:Background:
Since the stem cells are found, many scholars dedicated to the study of how the stem cell transplantation for the treatment of various heart diseases resulting in end-stage heart failure. In recent years, the emergence of two important progress. One is the emergence of a new source of stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells (induced pluripotent multi submersible stem cell, iPS cell; second,) is the discovery of the new stem cell therapy mechanism of paracrine mechanism. This paper is divided into three parts, respectively, of iPS cells and secretion mechanism in the next application of stem cell therapy in the heart.
Due to the reprogramming of iPS cells induced by the process itself has the tumorigenic may, therefore, to iPS cells in clinical application, we should be aware of the tumorigenic risk. In the first part of this paper we evaluated the transplantation of undifferentiated iPS cells in allogeneic without immune suppression by whether the formation of tumors in the body.
More and more evidence suggests that stem cell transplantation for the treatment of heart disease result is not due to the in situ regeneration of stem cells, but from the transplanted cells secrete effect on host cells by paracrine. Cardiac myocardial cells is accounted for the largest volume of the cells in the heart, is mainly the implementation of cardiac function; cardiac fibroblast cells (cardiac fibroblast CF) is accounted for the largest number of cells in the heart, play an important role in cardiac structural remodeling and electrical remodeling process. We are in the second part and the third part of this paper, respectively explore the stem cells through paracrine mechanisms of the two kinds of heart host cells.
The adult mammalian heart has long been thought to be terminally differentiated organs. However, recently found that adult heart is also capable of myocardial cell renewal. Therefore, play an important role in the pathological process of cell senescence may be in the heart of aging. In the second part of this paper, we explore whether stem cells through paracrine mechanism of inhibiting myocardial cell aging.
In an animal model of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stemcell, BM-MSC) transplantation can attenuate myocardial fibrosis; in vitro, anti fibrosis effect of this may come from the MSC secretion of paracrine factors on extracellular matrix directly, or indirectly from MSC by paracrine inhibition of CF the proliferation and down regulate collagen synthesis ability. In addition, animal experiments and clinical studies showed that MSC transplantation can maintain stable electrical heart. In order to explore the mechanism of MSC transplantation improves cardiac structural remodeling and electrical remodeling, we in the third part of this paper, MSC was studied by paracrine phenotype of CF, affecting the function and electrical characteristics.
Method錛,
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