【摘要】：語義學(xué)是一門研究語言意義的語言學(xué)分支學(xué)科,屬于語言研究的前沿學(xué)科之一。19世紀(jì)中期,俄羅斯學(xué)者已經(jīng)嘗試從不同角度研究俄語語義。19世紀(jì)末,俄羅斯學(xué)者引入了德、法的語義學(xué)理論和方法。此后,盡管取得了一系列成果,但是俄羅斯的語義研究一直包括在詞匯學(xué)和詞典學(xué)之內(nèi)。直到20世紀(jì)60年代,俄羅斯語義學(xué)才正式成為獨立學(xué)科,70年代形成具有世界影響的“莫斯科語義學(xué)派”。作為俄羅斯語義學(xué)的先驅(qū),巴克洛夫斯基在19世紀(jì)末首先引入語義學(xué),其《古典語言中的語義學(xué)研究》(碩士論文,1895)集中展現(xiàn)了他的語義學(xué)理論和方法,由此開啟了俄羅斯的歷史語義學(xué)研究。迄今為止,俄羅斯學(xué)者對巴克洛夫斯基的其語義學(xué)研究只有零散論述,中國學(xué)者對俄羅斯語義學(xué)史更未加關(guān)注。因此,就巴克洛夫斯基的語義學(xué)理論方法進(jìn)行專門研究,不但可以為俄羅斯語義學(xué)史填補(bǔ)空白,而且有益于世界語義學(xué)的細(xì)化研究,具有重要的理論價值。本研究立足于俄語語義學(xué)史,首先將巴克洛夫斯基的主要語義學(xué)原著譯為漢語。在此基礎(chǔ)上,對其語義學(xué)理論方法進(jìn)行梳理和闡釋,并與相關(guān)的歐洲早期語義學(xué)理論進(jìn)行對比,對巴克洛夫斯基的語義學(xué)成果作出合適的評價。首先,在歐洲語義學(xué)思潮的背景下,對巴克洛夫斯基的學(xué)術(shù)生平和主要語義學(xué)著作進(jìn)行介紹;其次,討論巴克洛夫斯基的普通語義學(xué)理論,詞義分類上的概念范疇理論,詞義聯(lián)想理論和語義演變理論;最后,選取19世紀(jì)末德法的主要代表學(xué)者,如布雷阿爾、達(dá)米斯泰特爾、施羅德等提出的語義學(xué)理論進(jìn)行對比分析,在此基礎(chǔ)上對巴克洛夫斯基的語義學(xué)研究成果作出評價。本研究的主要發(fā)現(xiàn)是:第一,巴克洛夫斯基從共時角度提出概念范疇理論,力圖在此基礎(chǔ)上建立詞匯語義系統(tǒng),這一理論具有普適性。概念范疇劃分的詞群體系與20世紀(jì)30年代提出的語義場理論具有相似性。概念范疇理論可以視為語義場理論的前期探索。第二,作為詞義演變的重要途徑,詞義聯(lián)想理論不僅對詞的意義進(jìn)行共時分析,還突破性的從歷時角度做出了詞的意義變化規(guī)則,巴克洛夫斯基列舉大量印歐語事實,證明了其存在的直接論據(jù)和間接論據(jù);第三,針對詞義演變原因和詞義演變機(jī)制問題,巴克洛夫斯基概括了通過接近聯(lián)想實現(xiàn)的轉(zhuǎn)喻性詞義演變和類似聯(lián)想實現(xiàn)的隱喻性詞義演變規(guī)律,在印歐語中得到大量實例驗證�？傊�,巴克洛夫斯基的語義學(xué)理論不僅對俄羅斯語義學(xué)發(fā)展具有開拓意義,而且對中國語義學(xué)界深入研究俄羅斯語義學(xué)和語義學(xué)史具有重要的理論研究價值。
[Abstract]:Semantics is a branch of linguistics that studies the meaning of language. It belongs to one of the frontier subjects in language research. In the middle of 19th century, Russian scholars have tried to study Russian semantics from different angles. At the end of 19th century, Russian scholars introduced Germany. The semantic theory and method of law. Since then, despite a series of achievements, Russian semantic studies have been included in lexicology and lexicography. It was not until the 1960s that Russian semantics became an independent discipline. In the 1970s, Moscow semantics, which had world influence, was formed. As a pioneer of Russian semantics, Barklovsky first introduced semantics at the end of the 19th century. His study of semantics in Classical languages (Master's thesis, 1895) focuses on his theory and methods of semantics. This opened the Russian historical semantics research. Up to now, Russian scholars have only a scattered account of Barklovsky's semantics, and Chinese scholars have not paid much attention to the history of Russian semantics. Therefore, the special research on Barklovsky's semantic theory can not only fill the gap in the history of Russian semantics, but also be beneficial to the refinement of world semantics and has important theoretical value. Based on the history of Russian semantics, this study firstly translated Barklovsky's main original works of semantics into Chinese. On this basis, the semantic theory method is combed and explained, and compared with the relevant early European semantics theory, and the appropriate evaluation of Barklovsky's semantic achievements is made. First of all, under the background of European semantics, the author introduces Barklovsky's academic life and his main works on semantics. Secondly, it discusses Barkovsky's theory of general semantics and the theory of conceptual category in the classification of word meaning. In the end of the 19th century, the main scholars of Germany and law, such as Brear, Damisteter, Schroeder, etc. put forward the semantic theory to carry on the comparative analysis. On the basis of this, the research results of Barklovsky's semantics are evaluated. The main findings of this study are as follows: first, Barklovsky put forward the concept category theory from a synchronic point of view and tries to establish a lexical semantic system on the basis of which the theory is universal. The word group system of conceptual categorization is similar to the semantic field theory put forward in 1930's. Conceptual category theory can be regarded as a preliminary exploration of semantic field theory. Second, as an important way of word meaning evolution, word meaning association theory not only analyzes the meaning of words in a synchronic way, but also makes the rules of meaning change from a diachronic point of view. Barklovsky lists a large number of Indo-European facts. It proves the direct and indirect argument of its existence. Thirdly, it aims at the causes of the evolvement of word meaning and the mechanism of word meaning evolution. Barklovsky generalizes metonymic lexical meaning evolution through close association and metaphorical meaning evolution similar to associative realization, which is verified by a large number of examples in Indo-European language. In a word, Barklovsky's theory of semantics is not only of great significance to the development of Russian semantics, but also of great theoretical value to the further study of Russian semantics and the history of semantics in China.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：南京師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：H030

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