本文選題：“句法—語義”接口 + 句法　； 參考：《南京師范大學》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：世界范圍內的自然語言處理,經過字處理、詞處理階段之后先后進入句處理階段。在自然語言句處理的大背景下,無論是基于規(guī)則還是基于統(tǒng)計的策略,都面臨“句法—語義”接口(或界面)問題�！熬浞āZ義”接口的核心問題是如何處理詞匯與句法的關系。本文以層級性的接口模式理論為指導,以現代漢語一價、二價、三價三種價類動詞的典型詞元為研究對象,基于標注語料庫,從詞匯對句法的制約以及句法對詞匯的反制約兩個維度探討了詞匯與句法的互動關系,揭示了接口中詞匯與句法的互動制約機制。本文的研究為漢語學界的接口研究提供了新的視角,對豐富句法語義學理論和語言信息處理也有重要價值。首先,在詞匯語義層面,篩選并確定一價、二價和三價動詞的典型詞元(18個),基于《詞匯義征標記集》(2689個),對篩選出的三種不同價類的詞元進行詞匯義征分析,形成了不同價類動詞義場的義征分析序列模式。在句法語義層面,基于《句法范疇義征標記集》(76個),分析了不同價類動詞在接口中所關涉的角色范疇類型和范疇義征。其次,在詞匯語義和句法語義分析的基礎上,基于三種不同價類動詞義場,首先考察了詞匯語義對句法的制約作用,結論認為“句法—語義”接口中,動詞的詞匯語義都會發(fā)揮底層制約作用,具體表現為動詞的詞匯語義特點制約了組合對象的選擇;制約了組合框架的數量和框架類型;制約了語義角色句法實現的位置等。具體言之,第一,詞匯單位的角色實現,除了受到角色范疇義征的制約之外,也要受到詞匯語義的限制。一方面,在“詞匯單位—語義角色”銜接中,詞匯語義始終處于基礎位置,制約了語義子場范疇義征的類型和特點;另一方面,詞元的組合對象選擇以及在句法結構中充當何種角色,仍然受制于詞匯語義的義類特點。第二,詞匯語義對組合框架的制約強調所形成的框架模式的差異,主要表現在三個方面:一是動詞的詞匯語義特點制約組合框架的類型,三個價類動詞需要同現的基本成分數量是不同的,形成的組合框架也不同,如一價動詞形成10大類142種具體框架模式,二價動詞形成40大類224種具體框架模式,三價動詞形成123大類224種具體框架模式。二是對于同價類或同一義場的動詞而言,對名詞性配價成分需求的強制性程度不同,從而形成不同類型的組合框架;三是影響了對外層角色的類型和使用頻度,尤其是在動詞的詞匯義征序列模式中存在的外層角色,出現頻度相對較高。第三,相同語義角色在投射句法位置的優(yōu)先選擇序列差異,也是由詞匯語義的具體差異而導致的,而每一個角色范疇都存在一個句法實現的原型位置,任何角色的句法實現都是優(yōu)先選擇其原型位置。再次,探討了句法結構對詞匯的反制約,主要體現為句法結構對能進入組層面的詞匯單位的需求限制和句法結構引發(fā)進入組合層面的詞匯單位的語義凸顯與變化兩個方面。具體表現為:第一,當若干詞匯單位組合形成句法結構時,句法范疇義征會對試圖進入句法結構中某一位置的詞語進行規(guī)約,包括定向度、生命度、意愿性等方面,只有符合句法語義范疇的范疇義征規(guī)約條件才具有實現為某一句法語義范疇的可能性。第二,一個靜態(tài)的詞匯單位進入動態(tài)的組合結構后,其語義會受到句法結構的影響和制約而產生語義變化,并不是所有詞匯語義都會進入使用狀態(tài),凸顯出來的只是一個或者幾個詞匯語義特征,最終經過結構關系的規(guī)約而實現為使用義;或者,某個詞元在組合結構中收到臨近詞元的影響,增加或消減了某個義征;除此之外,有些元在句法結構中受到不同搭配詞語的影響會呈現出對立或相反的義征,發(fā)生義征的轉化現象。無論是詞匯語義對句法結構的制約還是句法結構對詞匯語義的反制約考察,每一步都是基于真實語料進行的,每一步都把定量統(tǒng)計和定性分析結合起來,但有些方面仍然未能全面展開。依據“句法—語義”接口研究的思路,這一領域還有相當多的選題,特別是角色范疇句法實現的語用制約、名核結構的句法語義互動等問題亟待研究。
[Abstract]:The Natural Language Processing in the world, after word processing, enters the sentence processing stage after the word processing stage. Under the large background of the natural language sentence processing, both the rules and the statistics based strategies face the question of "syntactic semantic" interface (or interface). The core problem of "syntactic semantic" interface is how to place it. The relationship between vocabulary and syntax. This paper, guided by the hierarchy of interface model theory, takes the typical words of three valence verbs of one price, two price and three valence in modern Chinese as the research object. Based on the tagging corpus, the interaction between vocabulary and syntax is discussed from the two dimensions of the restriction of vocabulary to syntax and the reverse restriction of syntax to vocabulary. This study provides a new perspective for the study of the interface of Chinese academics, and is of great value to the theory of French semantics and the processing of language information. First, at the semantic level of the vocabulary, the selection and determination of one price, the typical word element (18) of the two valence and trivalent verbs are based on the lexicon. The meaning sign set (2689) is used to analyze the lexical meaning of the selected three different valence class words. The semantic analysis sequence pattern of different valence verbs is formed. In the sentence French meaning level, based on the syntactic category meaning marker set (76), the category and category of the role category involved in the different valence verbs in the interface are analyzed. Secondly, on the basis of the lexical meaning and the analysis of the sentence French meaning, based on the three different valence verb meaning fields, we first examine the constraining effect of the lexical semantics to the syntax. The conclusion is that in the syntactic semantic interface, the lexical semantic of the verb will play the underlying constraints, which is concretely represented by the lexical semantic characteristics of the verb. The selection of combination objects; restricts the number and frame type of the composite frame; restricts the position of semantic role syntactic realization. In particular, the role realization of the lexical unit is also restricted by the lexical semantic constraints, in addition to the constraints of the role category meaning. On the one hand, in the cohesion of the lexical unit semantic role, The lexical meaning is always in the basic position, which restricts the types and characteristics of the semantic category of the semantic subfield. On the other hand, the choice of the combination object and what role to act in the syntactic structure is still subject to the semantic features of the lexical semantics. Second, the restriction of the lexical semantics to the composite framework emphasizes the difference in the framework pattern formed by the combination of the lexical semantics. It is mainly shown in three aspects: one is that the lexical semantic features of the verb restrict the type of the combined frame, and the three valence verbs need to be different in the number of basic elements of the same occurrence, and the combination frame is different, such as the formation of 142 specific frame modes of one valence verb, and the formation of the two valence verbs in 40 categories and 224 specific frame patterns, and the trivalent movement. The words form 123 major categories and 224 specific frame patterns. Two, for the same valence class or the same semantic field, the mandatory degree of the demand for nominal valence elements is different, thus forming a different type of combination framework; three is the type and frequency of the external role, especially in the verb's lexical meaning sequence pattern. The occurrence frequency of the outer layers is relatively high. Third, the difference in the priority selection sequence of the same semantic roles in the projection syntax is also caused by the specific differences in the lexical semantics, while each of the role categories has a prototype position of the syntactic realization, and the syntactic realization of any role is the priority selection of its prototype position. Again, The reverse constraints of syntactic structure to vocabulary are discussed, which are mainly embodied in two aspects of the semantic protruding and change of lexical units that can enter the group level by syntactic structure to the lexical units that can enter the group level. The conformation of words that attempt to enter a certain position in the syntactic structure, including orientation, life, and willingness, is the possibility of realizing a certain category of French meaning only when the scope of the category semantic specification conforms to the semantic category of the sentence. Second, first static lexical units enter the dynamic combination structure. Semantic changes are produced by the syntactic structure, and not all lexical semantics will enter the use state, which highlights only one or a few lexical semantic features, and is finally realized as the use of the structure relation specification; or, a word element receives the influence of the adjacent word element in the combination structure. Add or reduce a certain sign; in addition, some elements in the syntactic structure are influenced by different collocation words in the syntactic structure. According to the idea of "syntactic semantic" interface research, there are quite a few topics in this field, especially the pragmatic constraints of the syntactic realization of the role category, and the question of the syntactic and semantic interaction between the noun and the noun structure.
【學位授予單位】：南京師范大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：H146.3;H136

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