【摘要】：世界全球化的趨勢(shì)導(dǎo)致世界走向雷同與模仿,英語、法語、俄語一些強(qiáng)勢(shì)語言擠壓弱勢(shì)語言的生存空間,語言的種類減少。據(jù)聯(lián)合國教科文組織統(tǒng)計(jì),至本世紀(jì)末,世界將有一半以上的語言會(huì)消失,而民族語言文字是民族生存的標(biāo)志,各國在維護(hù)國家統(tǒng)一和國語地位的準(zhǔn)則下,以盡量維護(hù)民族語言的語言權(quán),實(shí)現(xiàn)文化多樣性為目的,出臺(tái)了一系列關(guān)于語言和文字的法律、法規(guī)。 俄羅斯在其長(zhǎng)期的領(lǐng)土擴(kuò)張過程中,建立了多民族、多語言的國家,蘇聯(lián)推行“俄羅斯化”“俄語化”政策,許多民族語言,如哈薩克語、韃靼語等被迫使用基里爾字母,民族語的生存狀態(tài)被忽視。積累的民族、語言問題最終成為蘇聯(lián)解體的導(dǎo)火索。蘇聯(lián)解體后,不僅前加盟共和國紛紛實(shí)施“去俄語化”政策,而且在俄羅斯內(nèi)部的各共和國也掀起了這樣一種風(fēng)潮,紛紛要求語言的獨(dú)立,各民族語言背負(fù)了沉重的政治和權(quán)力斗爭(zhēng)的“包袱”。 在這種背景下,俄羅斯聯(lián)邦和韃靼斯坦共和國分別制定了《俄羅斯聯(lián)邦民族語言法》和《韃靼斯坦共和國民族語言法》,對(duì)它們的研究對(duì)于保護(hù)語言多樣性有很好的借鑒意義。 本文第一章介紹了研究意義、研究方法、研究現(xiàn)狀。第二章論述了俄羅斯聯(lián)邦制定該法的民族和語言方面的現(xiàn)實(shí)需求及其理論基礎(chǔ)。俄羅斯多民族和多語言的現(xiàn)狀,俄語與民族語言之間的、民族語言相互間的矛盾和沖突,以及蘇聯(lián)解體后呈現(xiàn)出的復(fù)雜的社會(huì)背景,這些都是該法制定的現(xiàn)實(shí)要求。語言權(quán)在國際范圍內(nèi)受到一定的承認(rèn)和重視,語言權(quán)是《俄羅斯聯(lián)邦民族語言法》制定的理論基礎(chǔ)。第三章重點(diǎn)講述了該法制定的基本原則、該法的基本內(nèi)容和修改,該法在堅(jiān)持俄語國語地位基礎(chǔ)上,以平等的精神,保護(hù)、傳承各民族語言,保證民族語言的使用。該法基本內(nèi)容明確了語言平等,規(guī)定了語言在各個(gè)部門、機(jī)關(guān)、場(chǎng)合的使用和違犯語言法應(yīng)負(fù)的責(zé)任。第四章則以韃靼斯坦共和國民族語言法的實(shí)施作為案例分析,探析在實(shí)施過程中出現(xiàn)的部分問題,進(jìn)而反映出俄羅斯聯(lián)邦民族語言法的實(shí)施狀況,并加以總結(jié)。 《俄羅斯聯(lián)邦民族語言法》對(duì)于保護(hù)俄羅斯聯(lián)邦語言多樣性起到了一定的作用,但實(shí)施情況并不理想,民族語言的生存空間仍然受到擠壓,保護(hù)語言多樣性任重而道遠(yuǎn)。
[Abstract]:The trend of globalization in the world leads the world to imitate and imitate. Some strong languages such as English French and Russian squeeze the living space of weak languages and reduce the kinds of languages. According to UNESCO statistics, by the end of this century, more than half of the world's languages will disappear, and the national languages and characters are the symbols of national survival. Under the norms of safeguarding national unity and the status of the national language, In order to protect the language rights of national languages and achieve cultural diversity, a series of laws and regulations on languages and characters were issued. In the course of its long-term territorial expansion, Russia established a multi-ethnic and multilingual state. The Soviet Union carried out a policy of "Russianization" and many national languages, such as Kazakh and Tatar, were forced to use the Kirill alphabet. The state of existence of the national language is ignored. The accumulated ethnic and linguistic problems eventually became the trigger for the disintegration of the Soviet Union. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, not only did the former republics implement the policy of "de-Russian" one after another, but all the republics within Russia also set off such a trend, demanding language independence one after another. National languages bear a heavy burden of political and power struggle. In this context, the Russian Federation and the Republic of Tatarstan have formulated the Law on the National languages of the Russian Federation and the Law on the National languages of the Republic of Tatarstan, respectively. The first chapter introduces the significance of the research, research methods, research status. The second chapter discusses the ethnic and linguistic needs of the Russian Federation and its theoretical basis. The present situation of multi-ethnic and multilingual Russia, the contradictions and conflicts between Russian and national languages, and the complicated social background after the disintegration of the Soviet Union are all the practical requirements for the formulation of this law. The right to language is recognized and valued in the international scope, and it is the theoretical basis of the formulation of the Law on National languages of the Russian Federation. The third chapter focuses on the basic principles of the law, the basic contents and amendments of the law. On the basis of upholding the status of the Russian language, the law protects and inherits the national languages and ensures the use of the national languages in the spirit of equality. The basic content of the law clarifies the equality of language, and stipulates the use of language in all departments, organs and occasions and the responsibility for violating the language law. The fourth chapter takes the implementation of the Tatarstan National language Law as a case study, analyzes some problems in the process of implementation, and then reflects the implementation of the Russian Federation National language Law, and summarizes it. The Law on the National languages of the Russian Federation has played a certain role in protecting the linguistic diversity of the Russian Federation, but the implementation is not satisfactory, the living space of the national languages is still being squeezed, and the task of protecting the diversity of languages is heavy and long.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中央民族大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號(hào)】：H002

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