【摘要】：眾所周知,在20世紀(jì)50年代的歐、美國家發(fā)生了一場“認(rèn)知革命”,誕生了認(rèn)知科學(xué)。認(rèn)知科學(xué)是研究人類從感覺到思維信息加工過程的科學(xué),包括從感覺輸入到復(fù)雜問題的求解,從人類個(gè)體到人類社會(huì)的智能活動(dòng),以及人類智能與機(jī)器智能的性質(zhì)。(史忠植余志華1990) 1999年,美國學(xué)者雷可夫和約翰遜進(jìn)一步闡明認(rèn)知科學(xué)是研究概念系統(tǒng)的科學(xué),是以經(jīng)驗(yàn)為依據(jù)對(duì)心智進(jìn)行研究的科學(xué),并將認(rèn)知科學(xué)劃分為第一代認(rèn)知科學(xué)和第二代認(rèn)知科學(xué)。 21世紀(jì)伊始,霍華德(Howard2004)提出了第三代認(rèn)知科學(xué),即認(rèn)知神經(jīng)科學(xué)。它采用高科技腦成像技術(shù)和計(jì)算機(jī)模擬技術(shù),闡釋認(rèn)知活動(dòng)、語言能力與腦神經(jīng)的復(fù)雜關(guān)系,揭示了人腦高級(jí)加工功能的奧秘。(齊振海,彭聃齡2007) 認(rèn)知科學(xué)視域下的語言研究更加注重語言的生物學(xué)基礎(chǔ)(Chomsky2005),側(cè)重研究人類生物屬性中與語言使用和習(xí)得緊密相關(guān)的“語言機(jī)能”。喬姆斯基認(rèn)為語言機(jī)能是自然世界里的組成部分,應(yīng)采用半個(gè)世紀(jì)前就已顯著發(fā)展并且一直得到廣泛關(guān)注的生物學(xué)方法去關(guān)注和探討語言內(nèi)化的認(rèn)知機(jī)制。 第二代和第三代認(rèn)知科學(xué)試圖利用先進(jìn)的科學(xué)技術(shù)(即腦成像技術(shù)),研究語言產(chǎn)生和理解的認(rèn)知神經(jīng)機(jī)制,揭示人腦高級(jí)加工功能的奧秘。因此,此類研究具有十分重要的理論意義及廣闊的應(yīng)用價(jià)值。 語言是人類所獨(dú)有的交際工具,對(duì)語言的認(rèn)知研究已經(jīng)成為生物語言學(xué)、認(rèn)知語言學(xué)和神經(jīng)語言學(xué)的重要課題。本論文試圖運(yùn)用認(rèn)知語言學(xué)的相關(guān)理論,詮釋現(xiàn)代漢語“視—知—言”連續(xù)統(tǒng)實(shí)據(jù)性及實(shí)據(jù)性成分,揭示漢民族語言的實(shí)據(jù)性及實(shí)據(jù)性成分背后所隱含的認(rèn)知機(jī)制及文化理據(jù)。首先,本論文在第二章對(duì)人類語言的實(shí)據(jù)性進(jìn)行了客觀性的描寫,考察了常用實(shí)據(jù)成分的使用場合、原因和方式；其次,本論文運(yùn)用最新語言主觀性理論、交互主觀性理論、構(gòu)式語法理論、心智空間理論,闡釋了漢語實(shí)據(jù)性及實(shí)據(jù)成分背后所隱含的認(rèn)知機(jī)制；其三,本論文在收集了大量現(xiàn)代漢語語料的基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)漢語實(shí)據(jù)性及實(shí)據(jù)性成分背后所隱含的認(rèn)知機(jī)制進(jìn)行了實(shí)證性研究與分析；其四,本論文在揭示現(xiàn)代漢語實(shí)據(jù)性及實(shí)據(jù)成分背后隱含的認(rèn)知機(jī)制及文化理據(jù)的同時(shí),也為國內(nèi)少數(shù)民族語言開展實(shí)據(jù)性研究提供了理論依據(jù)及研究范式。 第一章簡要地介紹了論文的研究背景及研究意義。人們?cè)谑褂谜Z言的過程中總是要自覺或不自覺地表達(dá)自己所說話語的來源,以顯示話語的可靠性,這就是語言的實(shí)據(jù)功能(evidential function),其成分包括詞匯、短語、插入語、句法等。換句話說,就是聽話人能夠根據(jù)說話人使用詞、短語、句法來判斷其所說的話語是否可信,話語的來源是否可靠。我們所采用的語料主要是書面語語料,主要來源于超過2億漢字的北京大學(xué)CCL語料庫和《中國現(xiàn)代文學(xué)百部名著》里的現(xiàn)代文學(xué)作家的作品。 第二章介紹了語言實(shí)據(jù)性的定義、使用場合、產(chǎn)生的動(dòng)因及理解方式,綜述了國外實(shí)據(jù)性研究的四大理論：Chafe理論(1986)、Anderson理論(1986)、Palmer理論(2001)和Aikhenvald理論(2004)。其次,論文對(duì)語言的實(shí)據(jù)性進(jìn)行了狹義實(shí)據(jù)性與廣義實(shí)據(jù)性分類。 第三章詳述了語言實(shí)據(jù)性研究的四大理論,分別是：語言主觀性、交互主觀性、構(gòu)式語法及心智空間。語言主觀性認(rèn)為當(dāng)說話人述說一個(gè)信息時(shí),他有必要為他如何獲取這個(gè)信息采取一個(gè)“姿態(tài)”,這個(gè)“姿態(tài)”就是說話人對(duì)信息的認(rèn)識(shí)立場。認(rèn)識(shí)立場是信息建構(gòu)的一個(gè)必要組成部分,和其他必要組成部分共同發(fā)揮著作用。促使說話人采取某一認(rèn)識(shí)立場的動(dòng)機(jī)是語用問題,只有分析說話人表述知識(shí)狀況的語言策略才能知曉。 第四章選用了漢語“感官動(dòng)詞”、“認(rèn)知?jiǎng)釉~”和“言說動(dòng)詞”三類,它們屬于心理動(dòng)詞范圍,具有十分重要的研究價(jià)值。感官詞的分類基于“感知事件”的認(rèn)知?jiǎng)澐?任何一個(gè)感知事件都可以被描述為一個(gè)語義框架,在該框架中,存在著三類語義實(shí)體——感知主體、感知?jiǎng)幼鳎袨椤⒏兄Y(jié)果,分別對(duì)應(yīng)于三類詞法范疇——感官名詞、感官動(dòng)詞、感官性質(zhì)詞。按照“五覺”的自然分類,感官詞可以分為視覺詞、聽覺詞、嗅覺詞、味覺詞和觸覺詞五類。 第五章介紹了語法化的定義：通常指語言中意義實(shí)在的詞轉(zhuǎn)化為無實(shí)在意義、表語法功能成分的詞,這一演變過程或現(xiàn)象在中國傳統(tǒng)語言學(xué)里被稱為“實(shí)詞虛化”。本論文所研究的語法化為狹義的語法化,即實(shí)詞演變成語法標(biāo)記、語法范疇、語法構(gòu)造或慣用表達(dá)的過程或現(xiàn)象。其內(nèi)容主要研究感官動(dòng)詞“看類”、認(rèn)知?jiǎng)釉~“想類”和言說動(dòng)詞“言類”是如何從實(shí)詞演變?yōu)榫哂袑?shí)據(jù)性意義的“話語標(biāo)記”的。 在第六章,我們得出以下結(jié)論：現(xiàn)代漢語實(shí)據(jù)性背后的認(rèn)知機(jī)制為：語法化的認(rèn)知機(jī)制、概念隱喻的認(rèn)知機(jī)制、詞匯化的認(rèn)知機(jī)制及文化的理據(jù)性。 論文以三代認(rèn)知科學(xué)為研究基礎(chǔ),喬姆斯基認(rèn)為語言研究是生物學(xué)分支,雷可夫和約翰遜認(rèn)為語言、認(rèn)知及思維根植于有機(jī)體的感覺運(yùn)動(dòng)系統(tǒng),霍華德認(rèn)為利用腦成像技術(shù),可以揭示語言與腦神經(jīng)的奧秘。認(rèn)知科學(xué)為語言的認(rèn)知研究,特別是現(xiàn)代漢語實(shí)據(jù)性研究指明了發(fā)展方向。 今后,作者將從兩個(gè)方面繼續(xù)從事相關(guān)的研究：繼續(xù)就現(xiàn)代漢語感官動(dòng)詞、認(rèn)知?jiǎng)釉~和言說動(dòng)詞進(jìn)行全面深入的研究,窮盡其語義、句法、語用及篇章用法；繼續(xù)深入探討漢語實(shí)據(jù)性的內(nèi)容,可以把實(shí)據(jù)性的研究運(yùn)用到對(duì)外交流之中,以促進(jìn)國與國之間、民族之間的相互理解,增進(jìn)相互間的友誼。
[Abstract]:As is known to all, in Europe in the 1950s, a "cognitive revolution" took place in the United States, giving birth to cognitive science. Cognitive science is a science that studies the process of human beings'sensory thinking information processing, from sensory input to the solution of complex problems, from the intelligent activities of human individuals to human society, as well as human intelligence and machine intelligence. The nature of energy. (Shi Zhongzhi Yu Zhihua 1990)
In 1999, American scholars Rakoff and Johnson further clarified that cognitive science is the science of conceptual system, the science of mind based on experience, and divided cognitive science into the first generation of cognitive science and the second generation of cognitive science.
At the beginning of the 21st century, Howard (2004) proposed the third generation of cognitive science, cognitive neuroscience. It uses high-tech brain imaging technology and computer simulation technology to explain the complex relationship between cognitive activity, language ability and brain nerves, revealing the mystery of advanced processing function of the human brain. (Qi Zhenhai, Peng Guling, 2007)
Language research from the perspective of cognitive science pays more attention to the biological basis of language (Chomsky 2005), focusing on the "language functions" closely related to language use and acquisition in human biological attributes. We should pay close attention to the biological methods to pay attention to and explore the cognitive mechanism of language internalization.
The second and third generations of cognitive science attempt to use advanced science and technology (i.e. brain imaging technology) to study the cognitive neural mechanism of language production and understanding and to reveal the mystery of human brain's advanced processing function.
Language is a unique communicative tool for human beings, and the cognitive study of language has become an important topic in biolinguistics, cognitive linguistics and neurolinguistics.This paper attempts to use the relevant theories of cognitive linguistics to interpret the evidential and evidential components of the continuum of "sight-knowledge-speech" in modern Chinese and reveal the evidential elements of the language of the Han nationality. The cognitive mechanism and cultural motivation behind sexual and evidential elements. Firstly, this thesis describes objectively the evidentiality of human language in Chapter 2, examining the occasions, reasons and ways in which the commonly used evidential elements are used. Secondly, this thesis applies the latest Linguistic Subjectivity theory, the theory of interactive subjectivity, and the theory of constructive grammar. On the basis of the theory of mental space, this paper explains the cognitive mechanism behind the evidential and evidential components of Chinese; thirdly, on the basis of collecting a large number of modern Chinese corpus, this paper makes an empirical study and analysis of the cognitive mechanism behind the evidential and evidential components of Chinese; fourthly, this paper reveals the modern Chinese language. At the same time, the cognitive mechanism and cultural motivation behind the evidence and its components also provide theoretical basis and research paradigm for the empirical study of minority languages in China.
Chapter One gives a brief introduction to the background and significance of the study. In the process of using language, people always consciously or unconsciously express the source of their utterances in order to show the reliability of their utterances. This is the evidential function of language. Its components include vocabulary, phrases, parentheses, syntax and so on. The corpus we use is mainly written corpus, mainly from the Beijing University CCL corpus with more than 200 million Chinese characters and the modern literary writers in the 100 Masterpieces of modern Chinese literature. Works.
Chapter 2 introduces the definition, use situation, motivation and comprehension of linguistic evidence, and summarizes four theories of empirical research abroad: Chafe Theory (1986), Anderson Theory (1986), Palmer Theory (2001) and Aikhenvald Theory (2004). Secondly, the thesis makes a distinction between narrow and broad empirical evidence of linguistic evidence. Class.
Chapter 3 elaborates on four theories of linguistic evidential research, namely, linguistic subjectivity, interactive subjectivity, constructive grammar and mental space. Cognitive stance is an essential component of information construction and plays a role with other necessary components. The motivation for a speaker to adopt a cognitive position is a pragmatic problem, which can only be known by analyzing the linguistic strategies used by the speaker to express his knowledge.
Chapter 4 chooses three types of Chinese sensory verbs, cognitive verbs and verbs of speech, which belong to the scope of psychological verbs and are of great research value. According to the natural classification of "five senses", sensory words can be divided into five categories: visual words, auditory words, olfactory words, taste words and tactile words.
Chapter Five introduces the definition of grammaticalization: usually refers to the transformation of words with real meaning into words with no real meaning and expressing grammatical functional components, which is called "substantive emptiness" in traditional Chinese linguistics. Categories, grammatical constructions, or processes or phenomena of idiomatic expression. The main contents of the study are the sensory verb "Kan Lei", the cognitive verb "Wan Lei" and the verb "Speech Lei" how to evolve from the notional verb into the substantiative "discourse marker".
In Chapter 6, we draw the following conclusions: the cognitive mechanism behind the substantiality of modern Chinese is grammaticalization, conceptual metaphor, Lexicalization and cultural motivation.
Based on three generations of cognitive science, Chomsky believes that language research is a branch of biology. Rakoff and Johnson believe that language, cognition and thinking are rooted in the sensorimotor system of organisms. Howard believes that the use of brain imaging technology can reveal the mysteries of language and brain nerves. It is pointed out that the development direction of modern Chinese is based on the evidence theory.
In the future, the author will continue to conduct relevant research from two aspects: continue to conduct a comprehensive and in-depth study of sensory verbs, cognitive verbs and verbs of speech in modern Chinese, exhausting their semantics, syntax, pragmatics and textual usage; continue to explore the content of Chinese substantiality, we can apply the research of substantiality to foreign exchanges. Promote mutual understanding among nations and enhance mutual friendship.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中央民族大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號(hào)】：H146

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