【摘要】：漢語(yǔ)委婉語(yǔ)是漢語(yǔ)詞匯的一個(gè)重要組成部分,在日常生活中扮演著十分重要的角色。我們常常發(fā)現(xiàn),在平時(shí)進(jìn)行交際活動(dòng)時(shí),有些話不方便直說(shuō),有些意圖不適宜直接表達(dá),這時(shí)候我們所要求的便不再僅僅是表達(dá)正確,更重要的是表達(dá)得體,在這種情況下選擇說(shuō)什么話,怎么說(shuō)話都很有講究。要讓自己的語(yǔ)言在交際中顯得得體、恰當(dāng),學(xué)習(xí)和使用漢語(yǔ)中大量存在的委婉語(yǔ)就顯得尤其重要。 漢語(yǔ)委婉語(yǔ)往往是出于中國(guó)人求“雅”的心理,是營(yíng)造一種寬松和諧的交際環(huán)境的需要,同時(shí)它也是中華民族長(zhǎng)久以來(lái)一些生活禁忌的集中體現(xiàn)。它所使用的范圍十分廣泛,但大多涉及一些有關(guān)死亡與殯葬、疾病與傷殘、分泌與排泄、性愛(ài)與生育等可能令人產(chǎn)生不悅的語(yǔ)言表達(dá)。漢語(yǔ)委婉語(yǔ)也具有很明顯的民族色彩,反映著我國(guó)上下五千年悠久燦爛的文化。它的表達(dá)往往是間接的,不是其字面意思的簡(jiǎn)單累積,而是需要人“思而得之”。同時(shí),我們也要注意漢語(yǔ)委婉語(yǔ)不是一成不變的,它會(huì)隨著時(shí)間的發(fā)展而發(fā)展,具有十分明顯的時(shí)代色彩。漢語(yǔ)委婉語(yǔ)在構(gòu)成上可使用語(yǔ)音、詞匯、語(yǔ)義、修辭這四種不同的手段來(lái)進(jìn)行。在交際的過(guò)程中它往往能起到避諱、禮貌以及緩和交際氛圍的作用。 本文通過(guò)對(duì)中國(guó)和美國(guó)3所不同的大學(xué)進(jìn)行問(wèn)卷調(diào)查,發(fā)現(xiàn)即使是具有中高級(jí)水平的外國(guó)漢語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者在學(xué)習(xí)和使用漢語(yǔ)委婉語(yǔ)方面仍然存在著許多問(wèn)題。例如：無(wú)法分辨出句子中的漢語(yǔ)委婉語(yǔ)；不知道漢語(yǔ)委婉語(yǔ)的具體用法,出現(xiàn)過(guò)度泛化使用；在理解漢語(yǔ)委婉語(yǔ)的意義方面也容易望文生義等等。究其原因,這和漢語(yǔ)委婉語(yǔ)自身的復(fù)雜性；當(dāng)前對(duì)外漢語(yǔ)教材中涉及的漢語(yǔ)委婉語(yǔ)內(nèi)容過(guò)少,講解也過(guò)于簡(jiǎn)單；以及留學(xué)生的跨文化背景是分不開的。 本文在之前學(xué)者們研究的基礎(chǔ)之上,提出要從教材編寫、中國(guó)文化講解、課后練習(xí)設(shè)計(jì)等方面進(jìn)行改進(jìn),特別是要幫助留學(xué)生建立漢語(yǔ)委婉語(yǔ)使用的典型語(yǔ)境從而來(lái)更好地解決教學(xué)中所存在的問(wèn)題,讓留學(xué)生對(duì)漢語(yǔ)委婉語(yǔ)有更加全面和準(zhǔn)確的認(rèn)識(shí),提高其使用的頻率和正確率,最終使他們能夠更好地運(yùn)用漢語(yǔ)來(lái)進(jìn)行交際。
[Abstract]:Chinese euphemism is an important part of Chinese vocabulary and plays an important role in daily life. We often find that some words are inconvenient to say and some intentions are not suitable for direct expression when we usually engage in social activities, and what we ask for is not only the right expression, but more importantly the appropriateness of the expression. In this case, the choice of what to say, how to speak is very fastidious. In order to make one's language appropriate and appropriate in communication, it is particularly important to learn and use euphemism in Chinese. Chinese euphemism is often out of the Chinese mentality of seeking "elegance" and the need to create a relaxed and harmonious communication environment. It is also a concentrated embodiment of some taboos in the life of the Chinese nation for a long time. It has a wide range of uses, but mostly involves language expressions related to death and burial, illness and disability, secretion and excretion, sex and fertility, etc. Chinese euphemism also has a distinct national color, reflecting five thousand years of glorious Chinese culture. Its expression is often indirect, not the simple accumulation of its literal meaning, but the need for people to "think and get it." At the same time, we should also pay attention to the Chinese euphemism is not fixed, it will develop with the development of time, with a very obvious color of the times. Chinese euphemism can be constructed by four different means: phonetic, lexical, semantic and rhetorical. In the process of communication, it can play a taboo, politeness and ease the communication atmosphere. Through a questionnaire survey of three different universities in China and the United States, it is found that there are still many problems in learning and using Chinese euphemism among foreign Chinese learners with intermediate and advanced level. For example: unable to distinguish the Chinese euphemism in the sentence; do not know the specific usage of Chinese euphemism, appear overgeneralization use; in understanding the meaning of Chinese euphemism is also easy to understand the meaning of Chinese euphemism and so on. The reason is that Chinese euphemism itself is complicated; the content of Chinese euphemism is too little and the explanation is too simple; and the cross-cultural background of foreign students is inseparable. On the basis of previous studies by scholars, this paper proposes to improve on the compilation of textbooks, the explanation of Chinese culture, the design of exercises after class, and so on. In particular, it is necessary to help foreign students to establish a typical context for the use of Chinese euphemism in order to better solve the problems existing in teaching, so that international students can have a more comprehensive and accurate understanding of Chinese euphemism, and improve the frequency and accuracy of its use. In the end, it will enable them to use Chinese better to communicate with each other.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：陜西師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號(hào)】：H195

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