本文選題：主觀性(化) + 鏡像成分��； 參考：《上海外國語大學》2013年博士論文

【摘要】：漢語中存在大量的鏡像換位成分，涉及方所、性狀、否定和小句等等，它們可以圍繞某一參照中心成分做前后鏡像換位，如“在床上躺著”和“躺在床上”，“多給了”和“給多了”等等。對此現(xiàn)象，本文以Langacker的共時主觀性理論為指導，同時輔以Traugott歷時主觀化理論、心理空間理論及語用學相關理論，對這四類成分因鏡像換位而產(chǎn)生的主觀性差異系統(tǒng)分析，探尋其在認知上的共性，并以此來解釋鏡像成分在換位前后的語義和句法表現(xiàn)。本文所用漢語語料主要來源于“北大語料庫”和“語料庫在線”及其它名家作品和參考文獻用例，部分例句來自網(wǎng)絡和內(nèi)省。上述四類鏡像換位成分中，“方所”和“性狀”主要基于單純的主觀性范式，即以說話人為主要主觀視角，而“否定”和“小句”則主要基于交互主觀性范式，即以言聽雙方的認知互動為主觀視角。 本文主要基于對鏡像成分在不同位置所述謂的對象的不同而展開分析。在言語活動中，言聽雙方、言談對象及言談內(nèi)容構成了言語事件的三個必要元素。依據(jù)Langacker(1987)，世界的事體（entity）分為兩類：具有概念獨立特征的“事物（thing）”和概念依存特征的“關系（relationships）”，“關系”是以“事物”的存在為前提的，是對“事物”的述謂，因此，言語事件中的每一個述謂成分都有其述謂的對象，該對象或者為言談對象（目標物），或者為說話人�；谶@一思路，通過對“方所”、“性狀”、“否定”和“小句”四類鏡像成分在換位前后所分別述謂的對象進行分析，尋找其語義差異，以此來證明其在不同位置上的主觀性差異，并根據(jù)主觀性的差異分析鏡像成分在不同位置上的語義特征及句法表現(xiàn)。此外，本文還就“方所”、“性狀”和“否定”三個成分進行了歷時考查，以期從語言演變的視角論證成分在歷時主觀化過程中發(fā)生的句法位置的變動，達到共時分析和歷時研究的相互補充。 總體而言，四類鏡像成分在參照中心成分后的位置均表現(xiàn)為對具體實體或事件的述謂，而在參照中心成分前的位置均表現(xiàn)為對說話人的述謂、或是以說話人為概念參照而實現(xiàn)對某個實體的述謂。前者的語義較具體，更多地體現(xiàn)了指稱或描述功能，具有客觀性；后者的語義較抽象，通常體現(xiàn)的是言者表述功能，其指稱性減弱而主觀性增強。因此，文章總體的結(jié)論是：鏡像成分在參照中心成分的左端所產(chǎn)生的主觀性要高于其在右端的主觀性。按照Langacker的“入場”理論模型，我們說，鏡像成分“左置”體現(xiàn)的是說話人“域”內(nèi)觀察，而“右置”體現(xiàn)的是“域”外觀察。藉此，文章對這些不同范疇的這一句法現(xiàn)象提出了統(tǒng)一的解釋。 一、方所成分的鏡像換位以“在+方所”和“向+方所”最為典型。由于方所成分所在的構式通常體現(xiàn)的是位移事件，因此，文章以視角主觀性為切入點，將方所成分的表達分為“內(nèi)部觀察”和“外部觀察”兩種視角，并結(jié)合人們在位移事件中的觀察機制，在每種觀察視角內(nèi)又分“由內(nèi)向外”和“由外向內(nèi)”兩種觀察方式，并據(jù)此對動前式和動后式的“在+方所”的語義特征和句法表現(xiàn)進行了分析，發(fā)現(xiàn)它們在[過程性]、[完成性]、[致使性]和[有界性]、[附著性]上存在系統(tǒng)的對立。此外，動前式的“在+方所”成分可以進行焦點化、可以作為言者的移情對象；而動式后的處所成分的及物性要高于動前式的及物性。在語篇方面，動前式的后續(xù)句一般是對動作行為的進一步詳述，而動后式的后續(xù)句則是對該處所發(fā)生的其它動作的詳述。同樣，“向+方所”結(jié)構的動前式和動后式亦在[位移性]、[方向性]、[接觸性]、[單音節(jié)]、[時段]和[主觀參照]等維度表現(xiàn)出系統(tǒng)性的差異。 二、性狀成分的鏡像換位以“狀－定”換位和“狀－補”換位為常。在“狀－定”換位中，狀語性狀是對性狀的突顯，強調(diào)其對說話人的認知意義和重要性，而定語性狀則是對其宿主客觀屬性的描寫，其性狀本身并不突顯。據(jù)此，，文章給出了定語句和狀語句的構式義，并分析了狀語性狀固有的隱性語義條件和增強性狀突顯的顯性操作手段。狀語句和定語句在主觀性上的差異可以解釋其在謂語結(jié)構、賓語結(jié)構、時體特征、疑問化、否定等維度上的不同。同樣，在“狀－補”換位中，狀語性狀是對說話人的述謂，而補語性狀是對客觀情狀的述謂，這導致它們在形態(tài)組配、量性特征、句法和情態(tài)等方面存在明顯的對立。 三、在否定成分的鏡像換位中，由于否定詞“沒（有）”具有空間建構功能，本質(zhì)上體現(xiàn)的是言聽雙方在認知空間上的協(xié)調(diào)，因而比“不”具有更高的（交互）主觀性，由此導致“沒（有）”在語用的禮貌表現(xiàn)和語篇連貫等維度同“不”表現(xiàn)出對立。由于“不”的主觀性程度較低，或者說主要體現(xiàn)了客觀性，這使得它可以通過“主－從”換位的句法手段，由從句位置前移至主句位置而不改變其語義并達到增強主觀性的效果；而“沒（有）”因其本質(zhì)上的強主觀性而不具有這一潛能。 四、在小句的鏡像換位中，句首從句和句尾從句在“內(nèi)部特征”和“外部特征”兩個維度的六個方面表現(xiàn)出對立，句首從句更多地體現(xiàn)了言聽雙方的認知互動，因而更容易實現(xiàn)宏觀上的語篇連貫，而句尾從句則只是對其前面主句的概念延續(xù)，具有微觀層面上的局部功能。同時，主從句主語的一致性與否及關聯(lián)詞在主語前后位置的不同亦影響主觀性的差異。文章以因果復句為例對這一主觀性現(xiàn)象進行了分析，對表因連接詞“因為”、“由于”和“既然”所引導的小句在鏡像換位上的不同表現(xiàn)給出了合理的解釋�！耙驗椤笔菍φf話人的顯性編碼、“由于”是對說話人和聽話人的隱性編碼、而“既然”則是對說話人和聽話人顯性編碼。由此導致三者中，“由于”小句的主觀性要高于“既然”小句，“因為”小句的主觀性程度最低。 鏡像成分主觀性“左置”的傾向是一種轉(zhuǎn)喻認知機制作用的結(jié)果。其歷時演變機制則表明主觀性源于客觀性，客觀性蘊含主觀性這一現(xiàn)象。成分主觀性與句法位置的嬗變說明，漢語在主觀化演變中符合VO語言的演變特征，同時也表明漢語是個強主觀性語言。
[Abstract]:In Chinese, there are a large number of mirror transposition components, involving square place, character, negation and clause and so on. They can be changed around a reference center, such as "lying on the bed" and "lying on the bed", "give more" and "give more". This article is guided by the theory of the synchronic subjectivism of Langacker. At the same time, with the theory of Traugott diachronic subjectivism, psychosspace theory and pragmatics, a systematic analysis of the subjectivity difference produced by the four types of elements due to the mirror image transposition is made to explore the commonness in cognition, and to explain the semantic and syntactic performance of the mirror components before and after the transposition. The Chinese corpus in this paper is mainly derived from the Chinese corpus. "Peking University corpus" and "corpus online" and other famous works and reference use cases, some examples are from the network and introspection. Among the four types of mirror transposition, "Fang" and "character" are mainly based on the simple subjective paradigm, that is, the main main perspective of the speaker, and the main basis of "Negation" and "clause". In the interactive subjectivity paradigm, the cognitive interaction between speakers and listens is a subjective perspective.
This paper is mainly based on the analysis of the different objects described in different positions. In speech activities, the three elements of speech events constitute the three essential elements of speech events. According to Langacker (1987), the world's events (entity) are divided into two categories: "things (thing)" with the concept of independent characteristics. The "relationship" (relationships), which is based on the existence of "things", is the predicate of "things". Therefore, every predicate component in the speech event has its predicate object, the object or the object of speech (object), or the speaker. Based on this idea, through the "Fang" "", "", "" "," "" "," "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "," the "semantic difference" in different positions, to find out the semantic differences in the different positions, and to analyze the subjective differences in different positions, and to analyze the semantic features and syntactic performance of the mirror components in different positions according to the differences of subjectivity. The paper also examines the three components of "Fang", "character" and "Negation", in order to demonstrate the change of syntactic position in the process of subjectivism in the course of the diachronic process from the perspective of language evolution, and to complement the mutual analysis and diachronic research.
In general, the position of the four types of mirror components in the reference center is expressed as the predicate of the specific entity or event, and the position before the reference center is expressed as the predicate to the speaker, or the predicate of the entity with the reference of the speaker. Descriptive function, objectivity; the latter is more abstract and usually embodies the expressive function of the speaker, whose denotability is weakened and the subjectivity is enhanced. Therefore, the overall conclusion of the article is that the subjectivity of the mirror component in the left end of the reference center is higher than its subjectivity at the right side. According to the "admission" theory of Langacker The model, we say, the mirror image component "left" reflects the speaker's "domain" observation, and the "right" embodies the "domain" outside observation. In this way, the article gives a unified explanation of these different categories of this syntactic phenomenon.
First, the mirror transposition of Fang is the most typical of the "in the + side" and "to the + side". As the composition of the composition is usually a displacement event, the article divides the expression into the two perspectives of "Internal observation" and "external observation" based on the subjectivity of the angle of view. The observation mechanism in the part is divided into two observation modes, "from inside to outside" and "from the outside" in each observation angle of view. According to this, the semantic and syntactic features of the "in + square" are analyzed, and they are found in [process], [accomplishment], [causative] and [boundedness], and there is a system on [attachment]. In addition, the component of "in + side" can be focused, and it can be used as the empathy object of the speaker; the transitivity of the components after the movement is higher than the transitivity of the pre active type. The other actions that occur are described in detail. Similarly, the pre and post movements of the "to + square" structure also show systematic differences in [displacement], [direction], [contact], [monosyllabic], [period] and [subjective reference].
Two, the mirror image transposition of the character components is constant with the change of the "shape definite" transposition and the "shape filling" transposition. In the "shape definite" transposition, the adverbial character is the prominence of the character, emphasizing its cognitive meaning and importance to the speaker, while the attributive character is the description of the objective attribute of the host, and the character itself is not highlighted. Accordingly, the article gives the article. The constructional meaning of the attributive and adverbial sentences and the implicit semantic conditions inherent in the adverbial characters and the explicit means of operation for the enhancement of the enhanced characters. The differences in subjectivity of the sentence and the attributive sentence can explain the difference in the predicate structure, the object structure, the time body feature, the interrogative and the negation. In a position, the adverbial character is the predicate of the speaker, and the complement character is the predicate of the objective love, which leads to the obvious antagonism between the form group, the quantity character, the syntax and the modality.
Three, in the mirror transposition of the negative elements, the negative word "no" has the function of spatial construction, which essentially embodies the coordination of the two sides in the cognitive space, and thus has a higher (interaction) subjectivity than "no", thus leading to the "no" in the pragmatic expression of politeness and discourse coherence and the expression of "no". Opposites, because of the lower subjectivity of "no" or the main embodiment of objectivity, it makes it possible to move from the position of the clause to the position of the main sentence from the position of the clause from the clause to the position of the main sentence, and to enhance the effect of subjectivity by the "Master - from" transposition. "No (there is)" does not have this because of its essential subjectivity. A potential.
Four, in the mirror transposition of the clause, the first clause and the sentence tail clause are opposed to the six aspects of the two dimensions of "internal characteristics" and "external features". The first clause is more likely to reflect the cognitive interaction between the two sides, and thus more easily realized in the macro discourse coherence, while the sentence tail clause is only the concept of the main clause in front of the sentence. In the meantime, the consistency of the subject of the main clause and the difference in the position of the Related words in the subject are also influenced by the differences of subjectivity. The article takes the causal complex as an example to analyze the subjective phenomenon, which is based on the "cause", "because" and "since". "Because" is the explicit encoding of the speaker, "because" is the recessive encoding of the speaker and the hearer, and "since" is the explicit encoding of the speaker and the hearer. Thus, the subjectivity of the three sentence is higher than the "since" clause, " Because "the subjectivism of the clause is the lowest."
The tendency of subjective "left" in the mirror composition is a result of the role of metonymy cognitive mechanism. Its diachronic evolution mechanism indicates that subjectivity originates from objectivity and objectivity implies subjectivity. The evolution of subjectivity and syntactic position shows that Chinese is in conformity with the evolution of the VO language in the subjective evolution of the Chinese language, and it also shows the Chinese language. Language is a strong subjective language.
【學位授予單位】：上海外國語大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：H146

【引證文獻】

相關期刊論文 前1條

1 李雨晨;劉正光;劉昭敏;;主觀化與現(xiàn)代漢語形容詞的語義異指研究[J];外語教學與研究;2014年03期

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