本文選題：語(yǔ)氣 + 句調(diào)　； 參考：《中央民族大學(xué)》2013年博士論文

【摘要】：哈薩克語(yǔ)乃至突厥語(yǔ)言的語(yǔ)法形式系統(tǒng)按照語(yǔ)法手段,可分為形態(tài)、語(yǔ)序、虛詞、重疊、句調(diào)、零形式等幾個(gè)分支。其中形式上屬于句調(diào)手段的語(yǔ)法成分系統(tǒng)研究基本仍未展開(kāi)。句調(diào)是表達(dá)語(yǔ)氣意義的必有手段,句子的一些特定的語(yǔ)氣意義可以單由句調(diào)表達(dá)。本文以單由句調(diào)手段來(lái)表達(dá)語(yǔ)氣意義的現(xiàn)代哈薩克語(yǔ)常用口語(yǔ)體188個(gè)單句為研究范圍,用實(shí)驗(yàn)的方法對(duì)現(xiàn)代哈薩克語(yǔ)18種語(yǔ)氣意義的句調(diào)、時(shí)長(zhǎng)、強(qiáng)度進(jìn)行測(cè)定與描寫,尋找句調(diào)形式與語(yǔ)氣意義之間的對(duì)應(yīng)規(guī)律。 第一章介紹了國(guó)內(nèi)外語(yǔ)氣與句調(diào)研究概述、實(shí)驗(yàn)例句的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及研究方法。 第二章主要通過(guò)實(shí)驗(yàn)考察表達(dá)同一語(yǔ)氣意義的哈薩克語(yǔ)單句句調(diào)形式是否會(huì)受到語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)影響,以及獨(dú)詞句句調(diào)形式是否會(huì)受到音節(jié)數(shù)量的影響。結(jié)論一：表達(dá)一般陳述語(yǔ)氣、詫異疑問(wèn)語(yǔ)氣、命令語(yǔ)氣和感嘆語(yǔ)氣意義的不同語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)的哈薩克語(yǔ)單句以及不同音節(jié)數(shù)量的獨(dú)詞句的句調(diào)、時(shí)長(zhǎng)和強(qiáng)度無(wú)區(qū)別性特征差異,即表達(dá)特定語(yǔ)氣意義的特定的句調(diào),不受句法結(jié)構(gòu)的影響,不隨句法結(jié)構(gòu)的變化而變化。結(jié)論二：一般陳述語(yǔ)氣單句句調(diào)調(diào)域?yàn)?.7St—9.7St之間,分布區(qū)間在180Hz—316Hz (17.9St—27.6St)之間,調(diào)域較窄。樣品句全句音高曲線略有在起伏,句末音節(jié)音高曲線均呈較平緩下傾趨勢(shì)。樣品句(單音節(jié)獨(dú)詞句除外)上線下傾度均為正值。句重音落在句末,主要表現(xiàn)為句末音節(jié)或末音步音高差值最大,音高曲線比全句音高曲線下降明顯,時(shí)長(zhǎng)比句首和句中其他音節(jié)或音步時(shí)長(zhǎng)要長(zhǎng)得多。句重音并非完全由句中的音節(jié)強(qiáng)度關(guān)系決定。在不特別強(qiáng)調(diào)的情況下,一般陳述語(yǔ)氣樣品句各音節(jié)的強(qiáng)度主要由音節(jié)中元音的響度決定,在各音節(jié)元音相同的情況下,音節(jié)的響度由元音前輔音的音質(zhì)決定。結(jié)論三：詫異疑問(wèn)語(yǔ)氣單句句調(diào)調(diào)域?yàn)?4.1St--25.9St,分布區(qū)間在149Hz--832Hz (14.6St--44.4St)調(diào)域最寬。樣品句音高曲線句首、句中較平直,句末呈急促上揚(yáng)趨勢(shì)。樣品句(單音節(jié)獨(dú)詞句除外)上線上揚(yáng)度為66.4%到96.7%,上揚(yáng)幅度很大；下線上揚(yáng)度多為正值,句調(diào)上揚(yáng)由音高上線決定。詫異疑問(wèn)語(yǔ)氣單句句重音落在句末,主要表現(xiàn)為：(1)句末音節(jié)或音步音高差值最大,音高曲線相比全句明顯上揚(yáng)。(2)句末音節(jié)或音步的時(shí)長(zhǎng)比句子其他音節(jié)或音步的時(shí)長(zhǎng)要長(zhǎng)得多。(3)句末音節(jié)或音步強(qiáng)度最大。結(jié)論四：命令語(yǔ)氣單句句調(diào)調(diào)域?yàn)?1.6St-15.8St分布區(qū)間在167Hz-400Hz (16.6St-31.8St)。樣品句音高曲線句首較平緩,句中有一定起伏,句末呈較急促下傾趨勢(shì)。樣品句(單音節(jié)獨(dú)詞句除外)上線下傾度或?yàn)檎祷驗(yàn)樨?fù)值；下線下傾度在39.6%到86.5%之間,均為正值,句調(diào)下降由音高下線決定。命令語(yǔ)氣單句句重音與句中各音節(jié)強(qiáng)度有一定關(guān)系。全句各音節(jié)強(qiáng)度比一般陳述語(yǔ)氣樣品句要強(qiáng),句重音落在末音節(jié)或末音步上,主要表現(xiàn)為末音節(jié)或末音步強(qiáng)度較大,音高差值最大,時(shí)長(zhǎng)最長(zhǎng)。結(jié)論五：感嘆語(yǔ)氣單句句調(diào)調(diào)域?yàn)?0St--18.1St,分布區(qū)間在183Hz-504Hz (16.2St-35.7St),調(diào)域較寬。樣品句音高上線整體平緩上揚(yáng),音高下線呈急促下降趨勢(shì)。感嘆語(yǔ)氣單句句重間與句中各音節(jié)強(qiáng)度有一定關(guān)系：末間步調(diào)域整體較高,強(qiáng)度較強(qiáng),時(shí)長(zhǎng)最長(zhǎng)。 第三章測(cè)定、描寫、歸納并對(duì)比了9種陳述語(yǔ)氣、1種感嘆語(yǔ)氣的句調(diào)、時(shí)長(zhǎng)和強(qiáng)度,初步尋找到了這10種語(yǔ)氣意義與句調(diào)形式的對(duì)應(yīng)規(guī)律。結(jié)論一：哈薩克語(yǔ)陳述語(yǔ)氣樣品句域值為1—2個(gè)跨度,調(diào)域較小。除辯解陳述語(yǔ)氣、不耐煩解釋陳述語(yǔ)氣及憤懣式強(qiáng)調(diào)陳述語(yǔ)氣外,其余陳述語(yǔ)氣樣品句句首、句中音高曲線基本平直或微揚(yáng),句末音高微降或平緩下降,但下降幅度有所不同。置身事外式歡呼語(yǔ)氣樣品句調(diào)域較高,句末下降比憤懣式強(qiáng)調(diào)陳述語(yǔ)氣略緩。結(jié)論二：時(shí)長(zhǎng)僅對(duì)置身事外式安慰陳述、思忖式冷漠陳述、告誡式強(qiáng)調(diào)陳述、不溫不火式糾正陳述、不耐煩確定解釋陳述、及無(wú)奈茫然式陳述語(yǔ)氣起一定區(qū)別作用；強(qiáng)度僅對(duì)辯解陳述、告誡式強(qiáng)調(diào)陳述、不溫不火式糾正陳述、不耐煩確定解釋陳述、憤懣式強(qiáng)調(diào)陳述及置身事外式歡呼語(yǔ)氣起一定區(qū)別作用。 第四章測(cè)定、描寫、歸納并對(duì)比了6種疑問(wèn)語(yǔ)氣的句調(diào)、時(shí)長(zhǎng)和強(qiáng)度,初步尋找了到這6種疑問(wèn)語(yǔ)氣意義與句調(diào)形式的對(duì)應(yīng)規(guī)律。結(jié)論一：哈薩克語(yǔ)疑問(wèn)語(yǔ)氣調(diào)域最寬,域值在2—5個(gè)跨度。6種疑問(wèn)語(yǔ)氣樣品句句首、句中音高曲線基本平直或微揚(yáng)；體貼式預(yù)期疑問(wèn)語(yǔ)氣句末音高下降,其余5種一位語(yǔ)氣句末音高均表現(xiàn)為上揚(yáng)趨勢(shì),但上揚(yáng)幅度有所不同。結(jié)論二：時(shí)長(zhǎng)僅對(duì)體貼式預(yù)期疑問(wèn)、利落式預(yù)期疑問(wèn)、無(wú)奈式不解疑問(wèn)及思考式關(guān)切不解語(yǔ)氣起一定區(qū)別作用；強(qiáng)度僅對(duì)思考式關(guān)切不解語(yǔ)氣起區(qū)別作用。 第五章測(cè)定、描寫、歸納并對(duì)比了2種命令語(yǔ)氣的句調(diào)、時(shí)長(zhǎng)和強(qiáng)度,初步尋找到了這2種命令語(yǔ)氣與句調(diào)的對(duì)應(yīng)規(guī)律。結(jié)論一：這2種命令語(yǔ)氣全句音高曲線差別不大,憤怒式命令語(yǔ)氣比既定式命令語(yǔ)氣調(diào)域略寬,句末音高下降略急促些；樣品句各音步及全句時(shí)長(zhǎng)多短于一般陳述語(yǔ)氣；樣品句各音節(jié)強(qiáng)度均大于一般陳述語(yǔ)氣,尤其是末音節(jié)強(qiáng)度。既定式命令語(yǔ)氣各音步及全句時(shí)長(zhǎng)稍長(zhǎng)于一般陳述語(yǔ)氣時(shí)長(zhǎng)；各音節(jié)強(qiáng)度均大于一般陳述語(yǔ)氣。 第六章“結(jié)論”對(duì)本文的各項(xiàng)研究結(jié)論進(jìn)行了總結(jié),指出了論文的不足之處以及下一步研究目標(biāo)。 句調(diào)主要表達(dá)異常復(fù)雜多樣的語(yǔ)氣意義,這是語(yǔ)法意義中非常關(guān)鍵的一部分,科學(xué)地測(cè)定和綜合標(biāo)記包括音高、音強(qiáng)、音長(zhǎng)的句調(diào),是擺在我們面前重大的也是不可逾越的課題。本研究是用實(shí)驗(yàn)的方法描寫現(xiàn)代哈薩克語(yǔ)表達(dá)語(yǔ)氣意義的句調(diào)形式,驗(yàn)證了表達(dá)同一語(yǔ)氣意義的不同語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)的哈薩克語(yǔ)單句句調(diào)沒(méi)有具有區(qū)別性特征差異,測(cè)定與標(biāo)記了現(xiàn)代哈薩克語(yǔ)中以-de/-d(?)結(jié)尾的18種語(yǔ)氣意義的單句調(diào)域、句調(diào)形式、下傾度或上揚(yáng)度、時(shí)長(zhǎng)及強(qiáng)度,基本明確了這18種語(yǔ)氣意義所對(duì)應(yīng)的句調(diào)形式,以期為填補(bǔ)現(xiàn)代哈薩克語(yǔ)描寫語(yǔ)法學(xué)中的空白、尋找語(yǔ)氣意義與句調(diào)形式的對(duì)應(yīng)規(guī)律起到拋磚引玉的作用。
[Abstract]:The grammatical form system of Kazak and Turkic language can be divided into several branches, such as form, word order, function word, overlap, sentence, and zero form. In this paper, 188 single sentences of the modern Kazakh language, which express mood meaning by means of a single sentence, are used as the research scope. In the experiment, the tone, length and intensity of the 18 modal meanings of modern Kazak language are measured and described, and the corresponding laws between the form of the sentence and the meaning of the mood are found.
The first chapter introduces the research on mood and sentence patterns at home and abroad, the standards and research methods of experimental examples.
The second chapter mainly investigates whether the single sentence structure of the Kazakh sentence that expresses the same modal meaning will be influenced by the grammatical structure and whether the form of the single word sentence will be influenced by the number of syllables. The key of the single sentence and the number of different syllables in the Kazak Language and the number of different syllables, the difference between the length and the intensity of the sentence, that is, the special tone that expresses the meaning of the particular mood, is not influenced by the syntactic structure, and does not change with the change of the syntactic structure. Conclusion two: the regulating domain of the general declarative sentence is between the 6.7St - 9.7St, the distribution area Between 180Hz - 316Hz (17.9St - 27.6St), the range is narrower. The pitch curve of the whole sentence of the sample sentence is slightly fluctuating, and the end syllabic pitch curve of the sentence has a gentle downward trend. The sample sentence (except the monosyllabic one word sentence) is positive. The sentence stress falls at the end of the sentence, the main expression is the maximum difference between the end syllables or the last sound steps. The pitch curve of the high curve is lower than that of the whole sentence. The length of the sentence is much longer than that of the other syllables or the steps in the sentence. The sentence stress is not entirely determined by the syllabic intensity relationship in the sentence. In the case of no particular emphasis, the intensity of the syllables of the general declarative sample sentence is mainly determined by the loudness of the vowel in the syllable, and in each syllable vowel. In the same case, the loudness of the syllable is determined by the sound quality of the vowel consonant. Conclusion three: a surprise interrogative sentence is 24.1St--25.9St, the distribution range is the most wide in the 149Hz--832Hz (14.6St--44.4St) domain. The pitch curve of the sample sentence is straight, the sentence is straight, and the end of the sentence has a rapid upward trend. The upper rise of the line is 66.4% to 96.7%, the rise is great; the rise of the lower line is more positive, the rise of the sentence is determined by the pitch line. It is surprising that the single sentence stress falls at the end of the sentence, mainly as follows: (1) the difference between the end syllables or the pitch pitch is the greatest, the pitch curve is obviously higher than the whole sentence. (2) the length ratio of the end syllable or the sound step of the sentence. The length of other syllables or sound steps is much longer. (3) at the end of the sentence or the maximum intensity of the sound step. Conclusion four: the tone area of the command tone is 11.6St-15.8St distribution in 167Hz-400Hz (16.6St-31.8St). The pitch curve of the sample sentence is slow, the sentence has some fluctuation, and the end of the sentence has a more rapid downward trend. Sample sentence (single syllable single word) The downfall of the line is either positive or negative; the downgrade of the lower line is between 39.6% and 86.5%, all of which are positive. The fall of the sentence is determined by the downline of the pitch. The stress of the command tone is related to the intensity of each syllable in the sentence. The intensity of the syllable in the whole sentence is stronger than that in the general statement, and the sentence stress falls on the final syllable or the last step. The main performance is that the intensity of the last syllable or the last sound step is greater, the difference of pitch is the largest and the longest time. Conclusion five: the exclamation point tone area is 10St--18.1St, the range of distribution is 183Hz-504Hz (16.2St-35.7St), the range is wide. There is a certain relationship between the interval and the intensity of each syllable in the sentence: the whole range is higher, the intensity is stronger and the duration is the longest.
The third chapter is to determine, describe, sum up and compare 9 declarative tones, 1 kinds of exclamatory tones, time length and intensity, and preliminarily find the corresponding law of the 10 mood meaning and sentence pattern. Conclusion: the sentence domain value of the Kazakh statement voice sample is 1 to 2 span, and the domain is smaller. Qi and indignation stress the statement tone, the rest of the statement mood sample sentence, the pitch curve of the sentence is basically straight or slight, the end of the sentence drop or slow down, but the decline is different. An external consolation statement, a contemplative indifference statement, an admonish statement, an insensitive statement, an impatience to explain the statement, and a blank statement of statements, and a certain difference in the tone of the statement; the intensity is only a statement of justification, an admonish statement, an insensitive statement, an impatience, a statement of explanation, a resentful stress. There is a difference between declarative and isolated cheering tone.
The fourth chapter is to determine, describe, sum up and compare the intonation, length and intensity of the 6 interrogative mood, and preliminarily find the corresponding law of the 6 interrogative meaning and the form of the sentence. The first: the Kazak interrogative mood is the most wide, the domain value is 2 to 5 span of the.6 interrogative sentence, the pitch curve is basically straight or micro in the sentence. There is a decline in the end pitch of the thoughtful and expected interrogative sentence, and the other 5 types of sentence height in the end of the sentence all show the upward trend, but the uplift range is different. Conclusion two: the length of the sentence is only on the thoughtful and expected questions, the falling expectation questions, the helplessness and the thinking type of concern, and the thinking type of concern. The exam style of concern does not explain the difference.
The fifth chapter is to determine, describe, sum up and compare the intonation, length and intensity of the 2 imperative mood, and preliminarily find the corresponding laws of the 2 commands and sentences. The length of each sentence and the whole sentence is much shorter than the general statement tone, and the intensity of each syllable in the sample sentence is greater than the general declarative tone, especially the last syllable intensity. The length of the fixed command tone and the whole sentence is longer than the general statement tone, and the intensity of each syllable is greater than the general declarative mood.
The sixth chapter summarizes the conclusions of this study, points out the shortcomings of the paper and the next research objectives.
It is a very important part of the grammatical meaning. It is an important and insuperable subject in front of us to determine and synthetically mark the tone of the pitch, the sound intensity and the length of the sound. This study describes the expression of the modal meaning of the modern Kazakh language with an experimental method. The form of the sentence shows that there is no difference in the single sentence tone of the different grammatical structure of the same grammatical structure, and the 18 types of single sentence domain, the form, the lower or the upward, the length and the intensity of the 18 modal meanings, which are at the end of the modern Kazak language, are determined and marked. The 18 languages are basically clear. In order to fill the blanks in the descriptive grammar of modern Kazakh and find the corresponding law of the tone meaning and the form of the intonation, the form of the tone corresponding to the meaning of Qi has played an important role in finding the corresponding law of the tone meaning and the form of the sentence.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中央民族大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號(hào)】：H236

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