本文選題：象似性 + 順序象似性原則　； 參考：《湘潭大學》2013年碩士論文

【摘要】：存現(xiàn)句作為一種普遍使用的語言現(xiàn)象，一直以來受到中外學者的廣泛關(guān)注。到目前為止，三種語言學即描寫語言學、生成語言學和功能語言學對存現(xiàn)句進行了深入研究。卓有成效的研究豐富了我們對存現(xiàn)句結(jié)構(gòu)的認識，但是大部分研究局限在存現(xiàn)句的語言內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)，忽視了語言的外部影響因素。為此，本文以認知語言學的象似性為理論基礎(chǔ)，基于句法、語義、語用對英漢存現(xiàn)句展開認知對比研究，旨在找出英漢兩種語言在認知與語言結(jié)構(gòu)上的映射關(guān)系，英漢存現(xiàn)句在象似性原則下的共性和差異以及人類在認識某地存在某物這一現(xiàn)象時思維是否具有共性。 隨著認知語言學的發(fā)展，認知語言學家發(fā)現(xiàn)語言的形式和內(nèi)容（語言符號及其結(jié)構(gòu)序列的能指和所指）之間的聯(lián)系有著非任意的、有理據(jù)的、可論證的屬性（吳為善199）。象似性是認知語言學中的一個重要理論，旨在發(fā)現(xiàn)語言結(jié)構(gòu)與人的認知之間的關(guān)系，揭示語言結(jié)構(gòu)與人類經(jīng)驗的直接映射關(guān)系。 本文基于象似性原則，從語言的外部因素來解釋語言的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu),對比分析了英漢存現(xiàn)句結(jié)構(gòu)與認知概念之間所體現(xiàn)的四種映射關(guān)系。這四種映射關(guān)系即象似性的四條主要原則，包括：順序象似性原則，距離象似性原則，數(shù)量象似性原則，標記象似性原則。 這四種映射關(guān)系表明人類在認識“某地存在某物”這一事件時思維具有共性。首先，英漢存現(xiàn)結(jié)構(gòu)都遵循戴浩一提出的“時間范圍原則”（The Principle of Temporal Scope），即存現(xiàn)句中時空范疇小的成分總是位于時空范疇大的成分后；英漢存現(xiàn)句中信息結(jié)構(gòu)分布遵循“時間順序原則（The Principle of Temporal Sequence）”，即語言結(jié)構(gòu)的順序與事件發(fā)生的順序一致。其次，英漢存現(xiàn)句中各個語言結(jié)構(gòu)之間的距離與概念之間的距離相對應。存在客體以某種存在方式存在于某處，因此，存現(xiàn)句的三個基本成分之間的距離是一樣的。再次，數(shù)量象似性原則表明存現(xiàn)結(jié)構(gòu)越復雜，它們所對應的概念也相應復雜，并難以預測。最后，與無標記句相比，帶有標記的句子往往通過改變句中結(jié)構(gòu)位置或添加標志詞來傳遞額外信息。 研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，，英漢存現(xiàn)句在映射關(guān)系和思維上都具有共性，但由于兩種語言屬于不同語系，還是存在一些細微差異。英語存現(xiàn)句在認知上采取“移動客體”策略，句子遵循從小到大，部分到整體的順序；漢語采取“移動自我”認知策略，順序與英語正好相反。在數(shù)量象似性原則下，英語存現(xiàn)句的存在地點可省略，而漢語的存在地點必須出現(xiàn)，若省略也必須暗含在上下文中。漢語中可以通過標志詞或結(jié)構(gòu)移位來傳遞額外的信息。 在對英漢存現(xiàn)句進行象似性原則分析的基礎(chǔ)上，本文還探討了英漢存現(xiàn)句的典型句式，名詞組的不定性、不可預測性，以及存現(xiàn)句的信息分布。總之，本文致力于驗證三個問題：（1）語言并不完全是任意的，語言結(jié)構(gòu)與人類的認知經(jīng)驗結(jié)構(gòu)存在著一定的映射關(guān)系；（2）在四種主要映射關(guān)系下，英漢存現(xiàn)句的共性大于差異性；（3）人類在認知“某地存在某物”這一事件時，思維存在共性。 通過系統(tǒng)的研究，本文證明象似性原則可以對存現(xiàn)句結(jié)構(gòu)作出一個比較合理、科學化的解釋。從語言外部因素來考慮語言內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)，有利于我們清楚認識語言與人類思維的關(guān)系，揭示語言的本質(zhì)，有利于英漢兩種語言的互譯。
[Abstract]:As a common language phenomenon, existential sentences have been widely concerned by Chinese and foreign scholars. So far, three languages, descriptive linguistics, generative linguistics and functional linguistics, have been deeply studied. The fruitful research enriches our understanding of the structure of existential sentences, but most of the studies have been done. It is limited to the internal structure of the language of the existential sentence and ignores the external influence factors of the language. Therefore, this paper, based on the iconicity of cognitive linguistics, carries out a cognitive contrastive study on the English and Chinese existential sentences based on syntax, semantics and pragmatics, aiming to find out the mapping relationship between the two languages of English and Chinese in recognition and language structure, and the existential sentences in English and Chinese in the image The similarities and differences under the principle of similarity and whether there is universality in human understanding of the existence of something in a certain place.
With the development of cognitive linguistics, cognitive linguists have found that the relation between the form and content of language (language symbols and the signified and signified of the sequence of structures) has a non arbitrary, rational, demonstrable attribute (Wu Weishan 199). Iconicity is an important theory in cognitive linguistics, which aims to discover the structure of language and the recognition of people. The relationship between knowledge reveals the direct relationship between language structure and human experience.
Based on the iconicity principle, this paper explains the internal structure of language from the external factors of language, compares and analyzes four mapping relations between the existential sentence structure and the cognitive concept of English and Chinese. The four mapping relations are four main principles of iconicity, including the sequence iconicity principle, the distance iconicity principle, the quantity iconicity original. As a result, the principle of iconicity is marked.
These four mapping relations show that human beings have common thinking in understanding "something". First, the English and Chinese existential structures follow the "The Principle of Temporal Scope" proposed by Dai Hao, that is, the small spatial and temporal category in the existential sentence is always located in the large component of the space-time category; In the existential sentence, the distribution of information follows the "The Principle of Temporal Sequence", that is, the order of the language structure is in the same order as the sequence of events. Secondly, the distance between the various language structures in the English and Chinese existential sentences corresponds to the distance between the concepts and the object exists somewhere in a certain way of existence. Again, the distance between the three basic components of the existential sentence is the same. Again, the quantitative iconicity principle shows that the more complex the existential structure is, the corresponding concepts are also complex and difficult to predict. Finally, the marked sentences tend to transfer additional information by changing the structure position of the sentence or adding the sign words compared to the unmarked sentences.
It is found that the English and Chinese existential sentences have similarities in the mapping relationship and the thinking, but because the two languages belong to different languages, there are still some subtle differences. The English existential sentences adopt the "mobile object" strategy, the sentences follow the small to the large, the part to the whole, and the Chinese adopt the "mobile self" cognitive strategy. Order is exactly the opposite of English. Under the principle of quantitative iconicity, the location of existing English existential sentences can be omitted, and the place of Chinese existence must appear. If omission is also implied in the context, additional information can be transmitted in Chinese by means of markers or structural shifts.
On the basis of the analysis of the iconicity of the existential sentences in English and Chinese, this paper also discusses the typical sentence patterns of English and Chinese existential sentences, the indeterminacy of the noun groups, unpredictability, and the distribution of the information of the existential sentences. In a word, this article is devoted to verifying three questions: (1) language is not completely arbitrary, language structure and human cognitive experience structure There are certain mapping relations; (2) under the four main mapping relations, the commonness of the English and Chinese existential sentences is greater than the difference; (3) there is a common thought in the human mind when we recognize the event of "something in a certain place".
Through the systematic study, this paper proves that the iconicity principle can make a reasonable and scientific explanation of the existential sentence structure. Considering the internal structure of language from external language factors, it is beneficial for us to understand the relationship between language and human thinking clearly, reveal the essence of language and be beneficial to the translation of the two languages between English and Chinese.
【學位授予單位】：湘潭大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：H146;H314

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本文編號：1966757