發(fā)布時間：2018-05-21 15:13

  本文選題：程度范疇 + 程度副詞　； 參考：《吉林大學》2013年博士論文

【摘要】：程度范疇在現(xiàn)代漢語中有多種表現(xiàn)形式，包括：詞匯層面，如狀態(tài)形容詞、含有程度義的詞語、固定短語；語法層面，如重疊、程度狀語、程度補語、含有程度義的框架結(jié)構(gòu)、某些特定句式；語用層面，如語氣。其中程度副詞和程度補語是最為重要的兩種表達方式。 作狀語的程度副詞是現(xiàn)代漢語中表達程度量的最主要的方式。程度副詞作為漢語程度量的語法標記成分，具有語義模糊、語義指向單一、功能粘著性強、分布定位性強等特點。我們認為語義上表示程度量，放在形容詞（包括部分動詞、名詞）前作狀語是其區(qū)別于其他副詞的本質(zhì)特征。以此為標準我們共篩選出101個程度副詞。并從程度等級、感情色彩、語體色彩等不同的角度對程度副詞進行了全方位的分類。程度副詞以狀語的身份修飾性質(zhì)形容詞、狀態(tài)形容詞、心理動詞、一般動詞及其短語，還可以修飾部分名詞，將這些中心語所含有的性狀義加以量化。程度副詞與其所修飾的中心語之間存在雙向選擇關(guān)系，這種選擇既受到程度等級的影響，又受雙方的感情色彩、語體色彩的制約，有的還受到音節(jié)數(shù)目的限制。一般說來，高量級的程度副詞在與中心語搭配的時候表現(xiàn)出更大的自由度；“有點兒”、“稍微”有明顯的感情色彩傾向性；搭配雙方語體色彩要保持和諧一致。程度副詞作為一個封閉的類，其內(nèi)部成員的地位并不平等，有典型和非典型之分，各個成員的功能不盡相同。同時這個系統(tǒng)也具有其開放性，不斷地吸收新鮮血液。具體到程度副詞個體，它們在語義、句法分布、句式選擇方面各有特點。 程度補語是現(xiàn)代漢語表達程度量的另外一個方式。程度補語與程度副詞最大的不同是其表達的程度量多為高量級。程度補語有廣義和狹義之分。狹義的程度補語在形式上和語義上有著鮮明的特征：1）不能單說，不能單獨回答問題；2）一般不能被否定；3）擴展能力很弱；4）表高程度義；5）語義虛化；6）語義指向述語。我們并以此為依據(jù)窮盡式地確定了現(xiàn)代漢語中狹義程度補語的范圍，得到程度補語43個。程度補語的成員可以從程度等級、褒貶色彩、結(jié)合方式等不同的角度分成不同的類別。能與程度補語組合的述語中心語跟程度副詞可以修飾的中心語基本對等，包括形容詞、心理動詞、一般動詞及其短語、部分名詞，但是同程度副詞相比，具體程度補語的組合能力相對較弱，與述語的雙向選擇受到更多的限制，這與很多程度補語的詞義虛化程度不高有很大關(guān)系。程度補語本身沒有完全虛化的詞匯義、感情色彩義、語體色彩義都大大制約著程度補語的組合能力。很多補語與述語組合時具有明顯的傾向性。廣義的程度補語與結(jié)果補語、狀態(tài)補語、數(shù)量補語存在交叉關(guān)系，這是由于述語與補語之間存在多重語義關(guān)系造成的。在現(xiàn)代漢語中，“高興得跳起來”類結(jié)果補語、“胖得像充了氣的皮球”類狀態(tài)補語、“高幾倍”類數(shù)量補語都可以表示述語的程度。廣義程度補語與狹義程度補語不同，其是開放的，成員數(shù)量可以認為是無限的。程度補語和程度副詞在表達程度量方面表現(xiàn)出一定的互補性。補語處于信息焦點的位置，使程度得以凸顯，同時由于位于句子的表層，往往帶有更濃重的主觀色彩。 程度副詞、程度補語，，連同狀態(tài)形容詞、形容詞重疊、表達程度的框架結(jié)構(gòu)共同表達著現(xiàn)代漢語的程度量，表現(xiàn)出與印歐語言不同的風格特點。
[Abstract]:There are many forms of expression in the degree category in modern Chinese, including the lexical level, such as state adjectives, words with degree meaning, fixed phrases, grammatical level, such as overlapping, degree adverbial, degree complement, the frame structure of degree meaning, certain sentence patterns, the language level, such as tone. The degree adverb and degree complement are the most important Two important ways of expression.
The degree adverb of adverbials is the most important way of expressing the degree of expression in modern Chinese. As a grammatical marker of the degree of Chinese, the degree adverb has the characteristics of semantic fuzziness, single semantic orientation, strong functional adhesion and strong distribution and positioning. We think the semantic expression degree is put in adjectives (including some verbs, nouns). The adverb is the essential characteristic of the adverb which is different from other adverbs. As a criterion, we select 101 adverbs of degree, and classify the degree adverbs from different angles, such as degree grade, emotional color, and style color. The degree adverb is the adjective, state adjective, psychological verb, and general adjective, state adjective, psychological verb, and general. The verb and its phrase can also modify some nouns to quantify the character meaning contained in the central language. There is a two-way selection relationship between the degree adverb and the central language that it modifies, which is influenced by the degree of degree, the emotional color of the two parties, the restriction of the color of the language, and the limitation of the number of syllables. Generally speaking, the high degree adverb shows greater freedom when collocation with the central language; "a little", "slightly" with obvious emotional color tendencies; the collocation of both sides of the language should be consistent. The degree adverb, as a closed class, is not equal in the position of its internal members, with typical and SARS. The function of each member is different. At the same time, the system also has its openness and continuous absorption of fresh blood. Specific to the degree adverb individuals, they have their own characteristics in the aspects of semantic, syntactic distribution and sentence selection.
Degree complement is another way of the degree of expression in modern Chinese. The biggest difference between degree complement and degree adverb is that the degree of expression is mostly high. Degree complement has a broad and narrow sense. The degree complement in a narrow sense has a distinctive feature in form and semantics: 1) can't be alone, and can not answer the question alone; 2) first. It can not be denied; 3) the extension ability is very weak; 4) the meaning of the high degree of expression; 5) the semantic deficiency; 6) the semantic meaning of the predicate. We have determined the scope of the narrow sense complement in modern Chinese on this basis, and get the degree complement 43. The members of the degree complement can be from the degree level, the commendatory and derogatory color, the combination mode and other different angles. The central language that can be combined with the degree complement and the degree adverb can be basically equivalent to the modifier, including adjectives, psychological verbs, general verbs and their phrases, and some nouns, but compared with the degree adverbs, the combination ability of the specific complement is relatively weak, and the two-way choice between the predicate is more than the predicate. There is a great relationship between limitation, which is not very related to the low degree of semantic meaning of a lot of complement. The degree complement itself has no complete lexical meaning, emotional color meaning, and style color meaning greatly restricts the combination ability of degree complement. Many complement and predicate combination have obvious inclination. The generalized complement and result complement, state of complement, state There is a cross relationship between complement and quantitative complement, which is caused by the multiple semantic relationship between the predicate and the complement. In modern Chinese, "happy jump" is the result complement, "fat like a gas filled ball" state complement, and the number complement of "a few times" can express the extent of the predicate. The complement and the narrow sense of the generalized degree The meaning degree complement is different, it is open, the number of members can be considered infinite. Degree complement and degree adverb show certain complementarity in the degree of expression. Complement is in the position of information focus, and the degree can be highlighted, and at the same time, the surface of the sentence, often with more heavy subjective color.
The degree adverb, the degree complement, together with the state adjectives, adjectives, and the degree of expression of the frame structure together express the degree of modern Chinese, showing a different style and characteristic from the Indo European language.
【學位授予單位】：吉林大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：H146

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本文編號：1919734