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口頭禪:類別、機(jī)制與功能

發(fā)布時(shí)間:2018-04-27 11:25

  本文選題:口頭禪 + 語(yǔ)法化 ; 參考:《上海外國(guó)語(yǔ)大學(xué)》2013年博士論文


【摘要】:口頭禪是一種司空見(jiàn)慣又別具一格的語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象,但是目前語(yǔ)言學(xué)界有關(guān)口頭禪現(xiàn)象的研究屈指可數(shù)。這一方面是由于人們的認(rèn)知所致,一般把口頭禪看作是經(jīng)常掛在嘴邊無(wú)足輕重或華而不實(shí)的點(diǎn)綴甚至贅疣,這一認(rèn)知也被已出版的《辭海》、《辭源》等權(quán)威辭典的詞條釋義所印證,因此學(xué)界長(zhǎng)期忽視這一特殊的語(yǔ)言形式。另一方面,口頭禪的表現(xiàn)形式和語(yǔ)言特征過(guò)于龐雜,似乎缺乏研究所需的明確且有章可循的語(yǔ)言對(duì)象,造成系統(tǒng)研究無(wú)法有效開(kāi)展并取得突破。本文從話語(yǔ)語(yǔ)義虛化的視角出發(fā),,歸納了口頭禪的主要特征,并對(duì)其進(jìn)行了分類,在此基礎(chǔ)上分析了不同口頭禪產(chǎn)生的機(jī)制與動(dòng)因,功能與影響。這一系統(tǒng)的語(yǔ)言學(xué)研究有助于人們重視并重新認(rèn)識(shí)口頭禪現(xiàn)象。 第一,口頭禪的分類。口頭禪具有高頻復(fù)現(xiàn)和脫口而出的特點(diǎn),頻率是促使語(yǔ)言發(fā)生變化的神奇推手,在高頻輸出并成為口頭禪的過(guò)程中,有些話語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)義得到強(qiáng)化,而有些話語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)義逐漸淡化甚至高度虛化,這就產(chǎn)生了不同類別的口頭禪。根據(jù)語(yǔ)義的虛化程度,本文把口頭禪分為三類,即語(yǔ)法化口頭禪、語(yǔ)用化口頭禪和習(xí)語(yǔ)類口頭禪。在虛化程度上走得最遠(yuǎn)的是語(yǔ)法化口頭禪,詞語(yǔ)的意義已高度虛化,如口頭禪“這個(gè)”、“那個(gè)”、“然后”、“完了”等;其次是語(yǔ)用化口頭禪,意義更多地轉(zhuǎn)向語(yǔ)用意義和主觀意圖,語(yǔ)義出現(xiàn)不同程度的淡化或泛化,如口頭禪“隨便”、“差不多”及大部分臟話類口頭禪等;語(yǔ)義上保留本色的是習(xí)語(yǔ)類口頭禪,這類口頭禪從意義和功能上分析與話語(yǔ)的原本用法并無(wú)二致,如朗朗上口的廣告語(yǔ)、諺語(yǔ)和口號(hào)等?陬^禪的這三種形式或發(fā)展階段是以語(yǔ)義的虛化程度為劃分標(biāo)準(zhǔn),虛化過(guò)程是統(tǒng)一的連續(xù)統(tǒng),有時(shí)它們之間并沒(méi)有明確的界線。對(duì)口頭禪進(jìn)行分類和定義是口頭禪研究的出發(fā)點(diǎn),有助于我們明確口頭禪的不同表現(xiàn)形式,更好地把握口頭禪的實(shí)質(zhì)。 第二,口頭禪產(chǎn)生的機(jī)制與動(dòng)因。口頭禪的產(chǎn)生是語(yǔ)言選擇和順應(yīng)的結(jié)果,是主客觀因素共同推動(dòng)的產(chǎn)物,受語(yǔ)言發(fā)展規(guī)律和使用規(guī)律的支配,包括說(shuō)話者心理認(rèn)知因素、社會(huì)文化因素以及語(yǔ)言和言語(yǔ)的變化模式都會(huì)影響口頭禪的產(chǎn)生。分析口頭禪產(chǎn)生的機(jī)制和動(dòng)因可讓我們充分認(rèn)識(shí)到口頭禪絕不是無(wú)心之語(yǔ),歸根結(jié)底是一種選擇性的言語(yǔ)行為。大部分語(yǔ)法化口頭禪脫胎于話語(yǔ)標(biāo)記語(yǔ),是說(shuō)話者出于話語(yǔ)表述過(guò)程中銜接與連貫的期待,是開(kāi)啟或轉(zhuǎn)換話題、控制或流轉(zhuǎn)話輪的需要。大部分語(yǔ)用化口頭禪受社會(huì)因素,如地域、性別、年齡、階層、職業(yè)、教育、科技文化發(fā)展等因素的影響,又得益于現(xiàn)代傳媒技術(shù)推波助瀾。就語(yǔ)言自身因素對(duì)口頭禪的影響而言,語(yǔ)言接觸會(huì)導(dǎo)致新詞的流行并生成普遍性的口頭禪,而語(yǔ)言的模因機(jī)制更是讓某些話語(yǔ)在群體和個(gè)人言語(yǔ)系統(tǒng)中大量復(fù)制并以口頭禪的形式得到輸出。 第三,口頭禪的功能與影響?陬^禪作為語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象,有形式也有功能。口頭禪作為言語(yǔ)交際活動(dòng)中的載體之一,承載著Halliday(1994)所說(shuō)的概念功能、人際功能和篇章功能這三大語(yǔ)言功能,只是在不同語(yǔ)境中有所側(cè)重。一般而言,我們認(rèn)為語(yǔ)法化口頭禪更多地體現(xiàn)語(yǔ)篇功能,起到組織語(yǔ)篇、掌控話輪、填充空白以及說(shuō)話者所期望達(dá)成的銜接與連貫等話語(yǔ)標(biāo)記語(yǔ)的作用;語(yǔ)用化口頭禪和習(xí)語(yǔ)類口頭禪更多地起到概念功能和人際功能,它們語(yǔ)義沒(méi)有(完全)虛化,是體現(xiàn)鮮明的意識(shí)程度和(交互)主觀化的語(yǔ)言表達(dá)式,傳遞說(shuō)話者的信息意圖和情感意圖,有時(shí)具有一定的修辭屬性。口頭禪的功能分析是口頭禪研究的落腳點(diǎn),有助于我們了解這一語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象的實(shí)質(zhì)和作用,也是對(duì)辭典中“口頭禪”這一詞條釋義的顛覆和再認(rèn)識(shí)。 另一方面,過(guò)度使用口頭禪會(huì)造成話語(yǔ)拖沓、離散和乏味,這是口頭禪給語(yǔ)言表達(dá)帶來(lái)的消極影響,研究去口頭禪化目的是為了語(yǔ)言表達(dá)更加緊湊簡(jiǎn)練,更加生動(dòng)活潑,更富表現(xiàn)力和感染力。這對(duì)公共演講能力的培養(yǎng)具有指導(dǎo)意義。 總之,口頭禪這一語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象涉及句法學(xué)、語(yǔ)義學(xué)、語(yǔ)用學(xué)以及方言學(xué)、歷史語(yǔ)言學(xué)、社會(huì)語(yǔ)言學(xué)、篇章語(yǔ)言學(xué)、認(rèn)知語(yǔ)言學(xué)和應(yīng)用語(yǔ)言學(xué)等多個(gè)語(yǔ)言學(xué)的分支,也與傳播學(xué)互有交集,是一個(gè)內(nèi)涵豐富、饒有趣味的新課題?陬^禪并不是無(wú)心之語(yǔ)或無(wú)用之點(diǎn)綴,我們期待更多的語(yǔ)言研究關(guān)注口頭禪,以此推動(dòng)辭典詞條釋義的完善以及人們對(duì)這一特殊語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象的重視和再認(rèn)識(shí)。
[Abstract]:On the other hand , as a result of the cognition of people ' s cognition , it is often regarded as an inconsequential or infirm spot in the mouth , and it seems that the academic circle has long neglected the special language form . On the other hand , it has been published and classified . On the other hand , the linguistic study of the system helps people to attach importance to and re - understand the phenomenon of oral meditation .

In the process of high - frequency output and becoming an oral meditation , the semantic of some words is strengthened , and the semantic of some words is gradually watered down and even highly virtual . According to the degree of emptiness of the semantics , the meaning of the words has been highly functional , such as the " this " , " the " , " then " and " finished " of the words .
Secondly , it is the pragmatic meaning and the subjective intention , and the semantic appears different degrees of dilution or generalization , such as the " casual " , " almost " and most of the dirty words , and the like ;
There is no clear distinction between the meaning and function of this kind of interpretation and the original usage of the discourse , such as the advertising language , the proverb , the slogan , etc . The three forms or stages of development are the unification of the degree of the semantic and the unification , and sometimes there is no definite boundary between them . The classification and definition of the oral meditation is the starting point of the research of the oral and the Zen . It can help us to make clear the different manifestations of the oral Zen and better grasp the essence of the oral Zen .

Second , the mechanism and motivation of oral meditation are the result of language selection and adaptation , which is the result of language selection and adaptation . It is a kind of selective speech act . The mechanism and motivation of discourse analysis are influenced by the factors such as geographical , gender , age , class , occupation , education , science and technology culture . Most of the pragmatic oral Zen is influenced by social factors such as geographical , gender , age , class , occupation , education , science and technology culture .

As one of the carriers in the speech communication activities , it carries the three major functions of conceptual function , interpersonal function and text function , which are described by halday ( 1994 ) .
There are more conceptual functions and interpersonal functions , and their semantic doesn ' t have ( complete ) blurring . It is a language expression that embodies vivid awareness degree and ( interactive ) subjective language , conveys the information intention and emotion intention of the speaker , and sometimes has certain rhetorical attributes . The function analysis of the oral Zen is the foothold of the research of the oral Zen . It also helps us understand the essence and function of this language phenomenon , and it is also the subversion and re - recognition of the meaning of the word " oral meditation " in the dictionary .

On the other hand , excessive use of the oral meditation will cause the words to be dragged , discrete and tedious , which is the negative influence of the oral meditation on the language expression . The purpose of the study is to make the language expression more compact and concise , more vivid , more expressive and infectious . This is of guiding significance to the cultivation of public speaking ability .

In short , the phenomenon of oral meditation involves a few branches of linguistics such as syntax , semantics , pragmatics and linguistics , historical linguistics , social linguistics , discourse linguistics , cognitive linguistics and applied linguistics . It is a new subject with rich connotation and interesting taste .

【學(xué)位授予單位】:上海外國(guó)語(yǔ)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】:博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】:2013
【分類號(hào)】:H136.4

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