本文選題：《時(shí)時(shí)刻刻》 + 邁克爾·坎寧安�。� 參考：《河南大學(xué)》2012年碩士論文

【摘要】：《時(shí)時(shí)刻刻》是美國(guó)當(dāng)代作家邁克爾·坎寧安的代表作。該作品以弗吉尼亞·伍爾夫的小說《達(dá)洛威夫人》為線索，敘述了不同時(shí)代的三位女性——弗吉尼亞、勞拉、克拉麗莎一天的波折生活。這部小說情感充沛、語(yǔ)言細(xì)膩，一經(jīng)出版，就頗受歡迎，獲1998年筆會(huì)/福克納獎(jiǎng)及1999年普利策小說獎(jiǎng)。2002年，《時(shí)時(shí)刻刻》又被改編為同名電影，獲第60屆金球獎(jiǎng)最佳電影獎(jiǎng)。這部小說奠定了邁克爾·坎寧安在美國(guó)文壇的重要地位。 國(guó)內(nèi)外的文學(xué)評(píng)論家和學(xué)者從多個(gè)角度評(píng)析了小說《時(shí)時(shí)刻刻》及其改編電影，如主題分析、心理分析、女性主義、后現(xiàn)代主義及電影改編等，而目前還很少有從空間理論對(duì)其進(jìn)行的研究。人們生活在空間中，無時(shí)無刻不在參與空間性的建構(gòu)�？臻g形式不可避免地會(huì)對(duì)人們的生活產(chǎn)生方方面面的影響。 本論文即嘗試藉格奧爾格·西美爾的空間文化理論分析小說《時(shí)時(shí)刻刻》。全文分為六個(gè)部分，引言、四章正文及結(jié)論。 引言包括作家、作品簡(jiǎn)介，文獻(xiàn)綜述，進(jìn)而指出本文研究意義：借助西美爾的空間文化理論分析小說主要人物的城市空間生存境況，產(chǎn)生此種境況的原因，以及可能的自我救贖方式，從而探討該小說的核心問題，人究竟該如何作為才是尊重自己的生命？ 第一章是全文的理論基礎(chǔ)。西美爾的空間理論指出，都市空間是現(xiàn)代性體驗(yàn)和心性質(zhì)態(tài)的集中表現(xiàn)場(chǎng)所�，F(xiàn)代都市生活體驗(yàn)的總體特征是生命感覺的萎縮。造成這一現(xiàn)象的原因可從空間的三個(gè)屬性，邊界、固定性及距離來尋找。邊界代表相互的心理限制；固定性反映了控制和服從的關(guān)系；距離，提升到審美高度，體現(xiàn)了對(duì)生活的一種詩(shī)意追求。而種種限制與對(duì)詩(shī)意自由的追尋就導(dǎo)致了現(xiàn)代個(gè)體的壓抑與萎靡。那么，救贖的道路何在？因?yàn)閺母旧现v，空間是心靈的一種活動(dòng)，是生命的拓展和延伸，所以也只有從生命本身入手，也許才可能走出上述困境。而從某種程度上講，死亡與生命不可分割，是對(duì)生命的鑒別與揚(yáng)棄，也是生命的自我超越。因此，作為生命超越的“死亡”，就成了擺脫生命感覺萎縮的可能的救贖出路之一。 第二章具體分析了主要人物的生存境況。小說主要人物的生存狀況具有相似性與典型性，如理性至上、厭世、自我隱退及冒險(xiǎn)。他們的生活已變成了一種例行習(xí)慣，看似完美充裕，實(shí)則了無生趣、備受壓抑，生命感覺日益萎縮。他們生活在城市，卻又不屬于城市，是現(xiàn)代都市中的異鄉(xiāng)人。 第三章藉空間形式的三個(gè)基本屬性探討造成主要人物生存境況的原因。房子是“邊界”的具體表現(xiàn)形式，故事中的主要人物住在各自牢籠似的房子或公寓內(nèi)，房子無形中成為他們心靈的障礙物；生活空間內(nèi)容的“固定性”具有高于其他事務(wù)的至高權(quán)力，于是故事中的主要角色不得不服從于他們生活中的固定內(nèi)容并時(shí)時(shí)被其控制、支配；“距離”使人們遠(yuǎn)離當(dāng)下的生活，從而提供了一種對(duì)生活進(jìn)行詩(shī)意解讀的視角。小說的主要人物都擁有強(qiáng)烈的詩(shī)性情結(jié)，他們有夢(mèng)想，關(guān)注自己的精神訴求，“站”在普通大眾的另一邊，敏銳覺察出，正是現(xiàn)實(shí)生活與精神世界的脫節(jié)導(dǎo)致了他們的痛苦及萎靡的生命感覺。 第四章從死亡的角度探討主要人物最終的自我救贖方式。生命的本質(zhì)追求實(shí)質(zhì)上是一種不斷的自我更新與自我超越，以獲得大的、更大的以及新的、更新的精神心靈空間。死亡作為生命本身的重要元素，也是生命自我超越的一種形式，是一種可能的擺脫生命感覺萎縮的救贖出路。主要人物中，弗吉尼亞和理查德以自殺的方式結(jié)束了生命，勞拉雖放棄自殺卻最終棄絕了既有的平穩(wěn)生活，克拉莉莎目睹了理查德的死亡。也就是說，他們的人生命運(yùn)都與死亡發(fā)生了千絲萬縷的聯(lián)系，通過親歷死亡、逃避死亡或直面死亡，他們把自己從痛苦和折磨中拯救出來，并對(duì)生活生命有所頓悟。 綜合以上分析和討論，結(jié)論部分指出，小說《時(shí)時(shí)刻刻》雖處處充滿對(duì)絕望、痛苦甚至死亡的描寫，卻并非一部絕望、痛苦和死亡情調(diào)的作品。相反，它包含著巨大鮮活的生命氣息。作品中所有人物看似不同的作為實(shí)際全部來自他們各自對(duì)生活的熱愛，尤其是對(duì)自己生命的尊重——直面自己生活的苦痛，敢于與不完滿的生活斬?cái)嗦?lián)系，去追尋自己定義中的詩(shī)意生命。于是，無論他們是選擇繼續(xù)還是結(jié)束生命，他們都完成了生命的自我超越。也就是說，藉空間理論的觀照，，《時(shí)時(shí)刻刻》顯露出了它審視生命的別樣視角：了解生命、熱愛生命、敢于與自己不喜歡的生命形式分道揚(yáng)鑣并掌控自己生命的何去何從——這也許才是對(duì)自己生命的最大尊重。
[Abstract]:"All the time," is the masterpiece of Michael Cunningham, a contemporary American writer. The novel, with the clue of Virginia Woolf's novel Madame darling, describes three women of different times, Virginia, Lara, and Clarissa. The novel is full of emotion, language and publication. Welcome, won the 1998 pen / Faulkner award and the Pulitzer prize for Fiction in 1999.2002 years, "always > has been adapted into a film of the same name, won the sixtieth Golden Globe Award for best film award. The novel has laid an important position of Michael Cunningham in the history of American literature.
Literary critics and scholars at home and abroad have reviewed and analyzed the novels of the novels, such as theme analysis, psychoanalysis, feminism, postmodernism and film adaptation from a number of angles, and few studies have been carried out from space theory at present. The form of space inevitably affects all aspects of people's lives.
This paper attempts to analyze Georg Simmel's theory of space culture, which is divided into six parts, the introduction, the four chapter, the main body and the conclusion.
The introduction includes a writer, a brief introduction and a literature review, and then points out the significance of this article: the analysis of the living situation of the urban space of the main characters of the novel by the aid of Simmel's space culture theory, the causes of this situation, and the possible way of self redemption, so as to discuss the core issue of the novel, and how the human being should be respected as the only one. The life of your own?
The first chapter is the theoretical basis of the full text. The space theory of Simmel points out that the urban space is the concentrated expression place of the modern experience and the qualitative state of the heart. The general characteristic of the modern urban life experience is the shrinking of the feeling of life. The cause of this phenomenon can be found from the three attributes, boundaries, fixity and distance of the space. Mutual psychological restrictions; fixity reflects the relationship of control and obedience; distance, rising to the aesthetic level, embodies a poetic pursuit of life. And the restrictions and the pursuit of poetic freedom lead to the suppression and depressing of modern individuals. Then, what is the way of redemption? Because, fundamentally, space is a kind of mind. Activity is the expansion and extension of life, so it may only start from the life itself, perhaps out of the above predicament. To a certain extent, death is inseparable from life, is the identification and abandonment of life, but also the self transcendence of life. Therefore, as the "death" exceeding the life, it becomes the possibility of getting rid of the feeling of life atrophy. One of the ways to redeem it.
The second chapter analyzes the living conditions of the main characters. The living conditions of the main characters of the novel are similar and typical, such as rationality supremacy, weariness, self retreat and adventure. Their life has become a routine, seemingly perfect and abundant, but in fact, it is uninteresting, repressed, and the feeling of life is shrinking. They live in the city. The city, however, does not belong to the city. It is a stranger in the modern city.
The third chapter discusses the reasons for the survival of the main characters by the three basic attributes of the space form. The house is the concrete manifestation of the "boundary", the main characters in the story live in the houses or apartments of their own cage. The house is a barrier to their mind, and the "fixity" of the content of living space is higher than that. The supreme power of other affairs, so the main characters in the story have to be subordinated to the fixed content of their lives and have been controlled and controlled at the time. "Distance" keeps people away from the present life, thus providing a poetic interpretation of life. The main characters of the novel have a strong poetic complex, they have Dream, pay attention to the spiritual pursuit. They stand on the other side of the general public, aware, it is out of real life and spiritual world leads to pain and malaise of their life feeling.
The fourth chapter discusses the ultimate self redemption of the main characters from the point of death. The essential pursuit of life is essentially a continuous self renewal and self transcendence to gain large, larger, new and renewed spiritual space. Death is an important element of life itself and a form of self transcendence of life, A possible way out of the redemption of life shrunk. Among the main figures, Virginia and Richard ended their lives by suicide, and Lara, who gave up suicide, finally abandoned both the stable life, and carat Lisa witnessed the death of Richard. That is to say, the fate of his life was all with death. By touching death, escaping from death or facing death directly, they rescued themselves from pain and suffering and had some insight into life and life.
On the basis of the above analysis and discussion, the conclusion points out that the novel < times > is full of description of despair, pain and even death, but it is not a work of despair, pain and death. On the contrary, it contains a great and vivid breath of life. All the characters in the work seem to have all come from their own life as reality. The love of living, especially the respect for one's own life - faces the pain of his own life, dares to cut off with the unfinished life, and seeks the poetic life of his own definition. So, whether they choose to continue or end their lives, they have accomplished their own transcendence. That is to say, by the view of space theory, < at times. Always show different view > it examines the life: to understand life, love life, love your life and don't dare to take control of their lives and form part company each going his own way -- perhaps this is to decide on what path to follow the greatest respect for their lives.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：河南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：I712.074

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10 張t熁

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