本文選題：笛福 + 魯濱遜漂流記��； 參考：《安徽大學》2012年碩士論文

【摘要】：《魯濱遜漂流記》是丹尼爾·笛福(1630-1731)創(chuàng)作的第一部小說,英美文學界的許多學者認為它是英國的第一部小說,無論從思想上還是藝術上來評價,這部小說都是笛福的代表作。小說的主人公魯濱遜也因此成為世界文學史上的一個著名文學形象。 本文首先簡要回顧了在不同時期國內外學者對《魯濱遜漂流記》的研究與評論。自該小說于1719年出版以來,關于它的評論就頻現(xiàn)于報端,即使是在二百多年后的今天,仍然受到評論界的重視。伊恩·瓦特在《小說的興起》中指出,笛福比其他所有的作家都更能表現(xiàn)出個人主義的意識傾向�！遏敒I遜漂流記》具備完全的個人主義要素,為個人主義與小說興起之間相互聯(lián)系提供了各種形式的實例。在瓦特看來,讀者需要借助經(jīng)濟個人主義來解析小說主人公的人物性格；而經(jīng)濟專門化以及與之相關的意識形態(tài),有助于說明魯濱遜執(zhí)著于海外冒險的原因。但對魯濱遜精神生活的理解則需要借助清教個人主義。亨特(Hunter, J.Paul)在《勉強的朝圣者》中認為,作為新文類的小說與清教思想有著密切的聯(lián)系。清教傳統(tǒng)為《魯濱遜漂流記》提供了敘述框架。亨特將《魯濱遜漂流記》置于其出版的時代和意思背景加以解讀,詳細闡述了這部小說與清教的“指南傳統(tǒng)”(the Guide Tradition)和“天意傳統(tǒng)”(the Providence Tradition)的關聯(lián)。 本文試以德國社會學家馬克斯·韋伯在《新教倫理與資本主義精神》中提出的“新教倫理”為理論視角,并參照前人研究成果,結合該小說問世的時代背景,綜合運用社會歷史與文本細讀的方法,分析笛福作品中魯濱遜這一人物形象所表現(xiàn)出的新教工作倫理,以期獲得對該小說的新的理解。 在《魯濱遜漂流記》的主體部分,主人公的世俗經(jīng)濟活動以及宗教思考交替展開。如果只是從“經(jīng)濟”的或“宗教”的視角分析該小說,難免會造成人物形象的分裂之感。而如果從韋伯提出的社會學觀點出發(fā)重新解讀該小說,則可以解決這一問題。在《新教倫理與資本主義精神》中,韋伯論證了新教倫理與現(xiàn)代資本主義的興起有著“選擇性親和”的關聯(lián)。他認為,不同于天主教的信條,新教倫理觀中的“天職”觀念輸灌給勞動者勤勞工作的責任感,他們的“工作倫理”以及敬業(yè)精神取代了生產(chǎn)力落后的傳統(tǒng)勞動觀念,促進了現(xiàn)代資本主義的發(fā)展。這種以勤勞工作、積累財富為“天職”的工作倫理有助于新興資產(chǎn)階級以更合理和系統(tǒng)的方式追求個人正當?shù)慕?jīng)濟利益。 小說的主人公魯濱遜出生于富裕的英國中間階級家庭。年輕的魯濱遜對財富有著強烈的追求,他流落孤島前的幾次海外歷險都是其追逐物質利益的體現(xiàn)；雖然不顧一切的冒險給他帶來了一定的經(jīng)濟收益,但也好幾次使其險些喪命海外。他認為這是由于自己的“原罪”所致。登島后的魯濱遜通過閱讀《圣經(jīng)》和反思生活的種種經(jīng)歷,認為是上帝的意志使其得以在海難中幸存,因而自己是上帝的“揀選者”。他認為自己得到了上帝的恩典,逐漸皈依了基督,成為了一名新教徒。他不僅希望獲得肉體的拯救,更希冀得到更重要的精神上的救贖。他在島上持續(xù)不斷的辛勤勞動,不僅解決了衣食住行等問題,而且創(chuàng)造、積累了許多的物質財富；他認為這些是上帝對他的救恩,證明了他是上帝的“選民”。小說對魯濱遜的工作勞動描寫的細致入微,給人以身臨其境之感：更重要的是工作勞動被凸顯出來,表明了小說對勞動的價值和尊嚴的充分肯定與贊揚。新教徒的世俗工作勞動因而具有了宗教倫理的意義,進而肯定了新教徒的經(jīng)濟追求在宗教倫理意義上的合理性,解決了人們宗教信仰與世俗物質追求的矛盾。另一方面,魯濱遜在島上的各種工作勞動也展現(xiàn)了魯濱遜作為新教徒資本家的精神風貌：他克勤克儉,以勤勞為榮、不貪圖安逸享樂,處處用新教徒的理性和嚴謹來規(guī)范自己的生活,把創(chuàng)造和積累財富當作自己的“天職”。 同時,新教工作倫理對魯濱遜的現(xiàn)代資本家和英國殖民者的個人身份的形成也有著重要的影響。按照韋伯對“現(xiàn)代資本主義”的描述,現(xiàn)代資本主義更多地是對人們非理性逐利沖動的一種抑制或緩解,而不是對利潤的貪得無厭。小說主人公在成為清教徒后,在生活和勞動上表現(xiàn)出了節(jié)制和理性,很少再有以前的冒險沖動,而把幾乎全部的精力理性地用于物質財富的創(chuàng)造,以勞動所獲確證自己的蒙恩狀態(tài)。然而,一旦他確信得到上帝“揀選”后,便產(chǎn)生了很強的優(yōu)越感,為他在海島上的殖民活動提供了宗教倫理上的依據(jù)與合法性。這一點可以從他自封為海島的主人和對待土著人的態(tài)度中得到印證。 最后,本文認為,《魯濱遜漂流記》反映了在宗教改革后,新的宗教倫理一新教倫理對以魯濱遜為代表的中下階層人們的影響。魯濱遜這一著名人物形象,反映了早期英國資本家的勤勞、節(jié)制、理性和殖民者的偏見與掠奪本性。
[Abstract]:Robinson Crusoe is the first novel created by Daniel Defoe ( 1630 - 1731 ) . Many scholars in the British and American literary world think it is the first novel in Britain , which is the masterpiece of Defoe . The hero of the novel is also a famous literary figure in the history of the world literature .

This paper first briefly reviews the studies and comments of scholars at home and abroad on Robinson Crusoe . Since the novel was published in 1719 , the commentary on it has been paid much attention .
The economic specialization and the ideology associated with it help to explain why Robinson is committed to overseas adventures . But the understanding of Robinson ' s spiritual life needs to be closely related to the idea of Puritanism .

This paper tries to analyze the new teaching ethics of Robinson ' s image in Defoe ' s works by combining the historical background of the novel and analyzing the historical background of the novel , and analyses the new teaching ethics of Robinson in Defoe ' s works with a view to gaining a new understanding of the novel .

In the main part of Robinson Crusoe , the hero ' s secular economic activity and religious thinking are alternately unfolded . If it is only from the perspective of " economy " or " religion " , it inevitably leads to a sense of " selective affinity " .

The hero Robinson of the novel is born in the rich English middle class family . Young Robinson has a strong pursuit of wealth , and many of his overseas adventures before landing are the reflection of their pursuit of material interests ;
He thought it was God ' s will to survive in the sea , and that he was God ' s " picker " . He thought he had received God ' s grace and converted to Christ and became a protestant . He wanted not only to gain the salvation of the flesh , but also to get more important spiritual salvation . He had not only solved the problems of food and food , but also created and accumulated a lot of material wealth ;
He believed that these were God ' s salvation to him , and proved that he was the " voters " of God . The novel has made a sense of religious ethics for the work of Robinson . More importantly , the work of the New Protestants has the meaning of religious ethics , thus affirming the spiritual beauty of the novel ' s pursuit of religious ethics . On the other hand , Robinson ' s work on the island also shows Robinson ' s spiritual outlook as a Protestant capitalist . On the other hand , Robinson ' s work on the island also shows Robinson ' s spiritual outlook as a Protestant capitalist . On the other hand , Robinson ' s work on the island also shows Robinson ' s spiritual outlook as a Protestant capitalist . On the other hand , Robinson ' s work on the island has also demonstrated the rational and rigorous standards of the Protestants to regulate their lives , and regard the creation and accumulation of wealth as their own " talents " .

At the same time , the ethics of Protestant work has an important influence on the formation of modern capitalist and British colonial personal identity . According to Weber ' s description of " modern capitalism " , modern capitalism is a kind of restraint or relief to people ' s irrational progressive impulse , rather than the greed of profits .

In the end , the author argues that Robinson Crusoe reflects the influence of the new religious ethics upon the middle - class people represented by Robinson .

【學位授予單位】：安徽大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：I561.074

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本文編號：1772845