本文選題：雷馬克 + 悲劇��； 參考：《江南大學》2012年碩士論文

【摘要】：雷馬克是20世紀德國具有世界影響的作家,是一個堅持用生命來寫作的作家。他的一生執(zhí)著于在西線戰(zhàn)場上發(fā)現(xiàn)的那個問題,即生命如何才能獲得生存的自由?這個問題是戰(zhàn)爭留下的;經(jīng)歷了法西斯的迫害和流亡的厄運,它在雷馬克的意識中變得越來越復雜:從迷惘、絕望,最終回歸于虛無。然而,在雷馬克那里,迷惘、絕望和虛無并非空洞的概念,它們代表的不只是一種個人的悲劇性情緒,而是整個一代人的生命悲劇意識。從雷馬克小說所展現(xiàn)的迷惘、絕望和虛無中,我們可以看到生命從一個困境又跳入另一個困境;它們飽受摧殘,卻依然垂首挺立。本文即以“人與生存困境的矛盾沖突”為悲劇范式,遵從雷馬克創(chuàng)作思想的發(fā)展歷程,來解讀其小說所展現(xiàn)的開闊而深邃的生命悲劇意識。 本文由緒論、正文和結語三個部分組成。正文分為三章:第一章以雷馬克的一戰(zhàn)三部曲及其續(xù)曲為研究對象,通過對這四部小說中四種悲劇性人物形象的解析,來展現(xiàn)個體生命在一戰(zhàn)影響下所面臨的生存困境,揭示其生命悲劇意識的緣起,即因信仰失落所造成的“迷惘”。四部小說中的四種悲劇人物都帶著戰(zhàn)爭的傷痕,他們在漸變的年歲和輪換的困境中呈現(xiàn)為不同的悲劇形象,卻共同表征著因失落而陷入空虛、又在逃避中落入彷徨的“迷惘的一代”。第二章以雷馬克的二戰(zhàn)系列小說為研究對象,分析個體生命在二戰(zhàn)前后所面臨的兩大困境:法西斯和死神。主人公的經(jīng)歷在變化,小說中的生命悲劇意識也在發(fā)展:“迷惘”衍變?yōu)椤敖^望”,而“逃避”則發(fā)展為“直面”。雷馬克的絕望并不是茫然地放棄一切,而是在清醒認識世界和生命真相基礎上的一種放逐權威和承擔一切的決心。絕望的背后燃燒著的是生命個體那直面困境的勇氣,它召喚著生命個體去行動、去抗爭。生命個體決絕地放逐權威是悲壯的;而在艱難抗爭之后自由仍不可捉摸,這就使得這絕望中的悲劇色彩更加濃重:抗爭愈強烈就愈顯悲劇性。第三章以雷馬克的遺作《天堂里的影子》為研究對象,這部小說為雷馬克生命悲劇意識的發(fā)展畫上了句號。雷馬克的一戰(zhàn)系列和二戰(zhàn)系列分別展示了生命個體所面臨的諸多困境:它們從迷惘的一代走到絕望的一代,從逃避困境轉向直面困境。在這過程中,生命個體經(jīng)歷了無數(shù)的困境,然而最終能逃脫困境嗎?這個問題的解答便呈現(xiàn)為雷馬克生命悲劇意識的結局:虛無——困境的永恒輪回。小說《天堂里的影子》中的流亡者們千辛萬苦所追求的天堂竟是一個冷漠的困境,這不禁讓他們感到了困境的輪回,感到世界的荒誕和生命的無意義,感到自由只是個虛無的字眼。面對這永恒輪回的困境,有的流亡者幸存了下來,以極大的忍耐力抵抗住了虛無的人生;而大部分流亡者在困境的周而復始中崩潰了,選擇了解脫,選擇了結束人生。不由分說,這群流亡者是面對虛無的一代。
[Abstract]:Reimak was a world-influential writer in Germany in the 20 th century and a writer who insisted on writing with his life.His whole life was devoted to the question that had been discovered on the western battleground: how could life be free to survive?The problem was the legacy of war; after fascist persecution and exile, it became more and more complex in Remark's consciousness: from confusion, despair, and finally to nothingness.However, in Remark's view, confusion, despair and nothingness are not empty concepts, they represent not only a tragic emotion of the individual, but the tragic consciousness of the whole generation.From the perplexity, despair and nothingness of Reimak's novels, we can see that life jumps from one dilemma to another; they are devastated but still stand upright.Based on the tragic paradigm of "contradiction and conflict between human beings and survival predicament", this paper follows the development course of Reimak's creative thought, and interprets the open and profound consciousness of life tragedy shown in his novels.This paper consists of three parts: introduction, text and conclusion.The main body is divided into three chapters: the first chapter takes Ramak's trilogy of World War I and its continuation as the object of study, through the analysis of the four tragic characters in the four novels, to show the survival plight of individual life under the influence of World War I.Reveal the origin of his tragic consciousness of life, that is, because of the loss of faith caused by "confusion."The four tragic characters in the four novels all carry the scars of war. They present different tragic images in the predicament of gradual age and rotation, but together represent the emptiness caused by loss.Again in the escape into the loss of the "lost generation."The second chapter takes Reimak's World War II novels as the research object and analyzes the two predicaments of individual life before and after World War II: fascism and death.The protagonist's experience is changing, and the consciousness of life tragedy in the novel is also developing: "lost" evolves into "despair", while "escape" develops into "face directly".Remac's despair was not a blank renunciation of everything, but a determination to banish authority and take all on the basis of a sober understanding of the world and the truth of life.Behind the despair is the courage of the individual to face the plight, it calls upon the individual to act, to fight.The determined banishment of authority by the individual is tragic, and freedom remains elusive after a difficult struggle, which makes the tragedy of despair even more intense: the stronger the struggle, the more tragic it becomes.The third chapter focuses on Reymark's relic Shadow in Heaven, which ends the development of Remac's tragic consciousness of life.Reimak's World War I and World War II series show the many dilemmas that life faces: from a lost generation to a desperate one, from escape to confrontation.In this process, the individual life experienced numerous dilemmas, but eventually can escape the plight?The answer to this question is the end of Remac's tragic consciousness of life: nothingness-the eternal cycle of predicament.The exile in the novel Shadow in Paradise is an apathetic dilemma, which makes them feel the transmigration of predicament, the absurdity of the world and the futility of life.Feeling free is nothing more than a nihilistic word.Faced with the dilemma of eternal transmigration, some exiles survived and resisted the nihilistic life with great endurance, while most of the exiles collapsed in the cycle of difficulties, chose to extricate themselves, and chose to end their lives.This group of exiles is a generation faced with nothingness.
【學位授予單位】：江南大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：I516.074

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