本文關鍵詞： 喬治·奧威爾 《一九八四》 情感異化　出處：《河南大學》2012年碩士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】：喬治·奧威爾因其諷刺辛辣、思想深刻的政治寓言類小說而獨樹一幟。鑒于對文學與政治所作出的巨大貢獻，他被稱為“一代人的冷峻良知”。1950年出版的《一九八四》是奧威爾最杰出的代表作之一，一經(jīng)出版便成為當時社會各界熱議的焦點，與英國赫胥黎的《美麗新世界》（1932）以及俄國扎米亞京的《我們》（1920）并稱為“反烏托邦三部曲”，是一部使奧威爾蜚聲國際的巔峰之作。 《一九八四》是政治小說文學的經(jīng)典代表作，國內(nèi)外眾多學者及文學評論家已從政治學、語言學、存在主義、女性主義等多個不同角度評析了這部小說。在這部政治寓言中，作者有意為世人展現(xiàn)了一個逼真的未來極權主義世界。毫無疑問，身處這個人性與自由均缺失的反常環(huán)境中，人的任何追尋與抗爭注定都會以失敗告終。然而，以前的研究僅描述了在極權環(huán)境下人們的各種異常行為，并未對諸般異常狀態(tài)進行歸類，也未指出導致這些異�，F(xiàn)象的根本原因和形成過程，以及人類自我救贖的可能性和出路。“新弗洛伊德主義”精神分析心理學派最重要的理論家、法蘭克福學派的重要成員之一的德國精神病學家埃利�！じヂ迥返娜吮局髁x心理分析學中的“情感異化”理論恰恰為這一研究提供了理論支持。 本文即是藉情感異化理論梳理、歸類小說《一九八四》中人性異化的形式，探究其成因，并在一定程度上指出防止異化的可能的途徑。全文共五個部分，即引言、三章正文和結論。 引言介紹了奧威爾的文學成就和小說《一九八四》以及國內(nèi)外對該作品的研究和評論，進而點明本文的研究意義：以弗洛姆的情感異化理論為觀察視角，分析大洋國專制社會中其社會成員的各種病態(tài)表現(xiàn)，揭示引發(fā)這類異化現(xiàn)象的根本原因，并著力探尋擺脫悲劇的途徑。 第一章是本文的理論基礎，詳細闡述了弗洛姆的情感異化理論。弗洛姆終身致力于將馬克思主義的社會分析與弗洛伊德的心理分析相結合，創(chuàng)造了“人本主義心理分析學”。在此基礎上，發(fā)展出情感異化理論。該理論指出，人性的缺失或?qū)崿F(xiàn)與所處的社會的狀態(tài)密不可分。不健全的社會使人們無法進行“愛和創(chuàng)造性的工作”，失去了與世界建立積極聯(lián)系的能力，造成個人逃避自由的心理機制，最后導致人們情感的異化。情感異化也是暴力、戰(zhàn)爭等一切罪惡產(chǎn)生的根源。 第二章梳理《一九八四》中情感異化的形式。弗洛姆認為，情感異化的形式存在以下三種：“戀死”，一種對死亡、毀滅的愛；“惡性自戀”，無視客觀的過度的自我膨脹；“共生性亂倫”，一種戀母情結的極端形式，渴望完全地失去自我。第一節(jié)列舉了其各階層社會成員帶有“戀死”傾向的行為表現(xiàn)；第二節(jié)描繪了大洋國中黨的“惡性自戀”的瘋狂狀態(tài)；第三節(jié)揭示了黨和反抗者之間存在著的“共生性亂倫”關系。三種形式糾結在一起，便衍生出“社會衰亡癥”，這是大洋國中一切惡產(chǎn)生的源頭。 第三章探究《一九八四》中情感異化的原因。弗洛姆認為，如果情感一方面處于“生存兩歧”的擠壓中，一方面又遭遇“社會過濾器”的限制，自然難成為其自身，異化是必然結局。小說里，人們?yōu)閿[脫成長中的孤獨感而自動選擇逃避自由。同時，，在極端壓抑的大洋國社會中，黨通過“新話”、“雙重思想”和“思想罪”三種過濾手段，按照極權意志發(fā)揮著“社會過濾器”對社會意識的限制作用。故此，人們無法擁有正常的意識，不具備擺脫情感異化的能力。 基于以上分析和討論，結論部分指出：人類的生存和發(fā)展并不孤立，而是與其所處的社會環(huán)境息息相關，整個社會的文化、經(jīng)濟、政治等各方面的發(fā)展會對個人情感的塑造產(chǎn)生決定性影響。健全的社會可以為“愛和創(chuàng)造性的工作”的實現(xiàn)提供前提，為個體擺脫孤獨、避免情感異化創(chuàng)造可能。這是抑制現(xiàn)實中各種罪惡行為、避免人性悲劇發(fā)生的關鍵所在，即有效防止個體及社會被異化的途徑。推而廣之，實際上，解析《一九八四》中人在病態(tài)社會中的行為和精神狀態(tài)，探尋人的內(nèi)在發(fā)展和追求，對當今社會也具有一定的現(xiàn)實意義。
[Abstract]:George Orwell because of its ideological and political satire, allegory fiction deeply and become an independent school. Given the great contribution to the literature and politics, he was known as "the solemn conscience of a generation".1950 published < 1984 > is one of Orwell's most outstanding representative, the publication became the focus of the community at that time hot, with the British Huxley "beautiful new world" (1932) and Russian Zamyatin (1920) > > we are called "anti Utopian Trilogy", Orwell is a world-renowned pinnacle.
< 1984 > is a classic of political fiction, many domestic and foreign scholars and literary critics from political science, linguistics, existentialism, feminism and other different aspects of the novel. In this political allegory, the author intends to show the world a vivid future totalitarian world. No in this question, the abnormal environment lacking both humanity and freedom, any human pursuit and struggles is doomed to fail. However, previous studies only described in the totalitarian environment of people of various abnormal behavior, not all of the abnormal state are classified, nor pointed out that the fundamental reason causing these abnormal phenomena and the formation process, as well as the possibility and way of human self salvation. "Freud doctrine" of psychoanalysis psychology most important theorist, an important member of the Frankfurt school. The theory of emotional alienation in Ehrlich Fromm's humanistic psychoanalysis is a theoretical support for this research.
This paper is based on the theory of emotional alienation, sorting out the form of alienation of human nature in the novel < 1984 >, exploring its causes, and pointing out some possible ways to prevent alienation to a certain extent. The full text has five parts, namely, the introduction, the three chapters, the main body and the conclusion.
The introduction introduces Orwell's literary achievements and the novel < 1984 > as well as the domestic and foreign research and comments about the work, and then points out the significance of this research: Fromm's emotional alienation theory perspective, analysis of various disease states the members of the society of Oceania autocratic society, reveals the root causes of the alienation phenomenon, and strive to explore the way to get rid of the tragedy.
The first chapter is the theoretical basis of this paper, elaborates Fromm's emotional alienation theory. Fromm devotes his whole life to the psychological analysis of the social analysis of the Marx doctrine and the Freud combination created a "Humanistic psychoanalysis". On this basis, the development of the emotional alienation theory. The theory points out that the lack of human nature or the realization of the state and society are inseparable. Imperfect social deprives people of the "love and creative work", and the world lost the ability to establish a positive link, causing the individual to escape the psychological mechanism of freedom, finally lead to the alienation of people's feelings. Feelings of alienation is a root of all evil, violence, War produced.
The second chapter is the emotional alienation in the form of < 1984 >. Fromm believes that the emotional alienation exists in the form of the following three types: "love death", a kind of death, destruction of love; "malignant narcissism", ignore the objective of excessive self expansion; "incestuous symbiosis", an extreme form of the Oedipus complex the desire to completely lose yourself. The first section introduces the behavior of all sectors of the community members "loveof death"; the second section describes the Oceania "malignant narcissism" of the party's madness; the third section reveals the resistance between the party and the existing in the relationship of "incestuous symbiosis". Three form together, arises the "social decay disease", this is the source of all evil Oceania.
The third chapter explores the causes of emotional alienation in < 1984 >. Fromm believes that if the emotion is in a "squeeze the dichotomy of survival", on the one hand and limited by "social filter", to become its own nature, alienation is the inevitable outcome. In the novel, people get rid of loneliness and growth in the automatic selection escape from freedom. At the same time, Oceania in extreme repression in the party through the "new words", "doublethink" and "thought crimes" three kinds of filtering method, in accordance with the totalitarian will play a limited role in social filter on social consciousness. Therefore, people can not have a normal consciousness, do not have the ability get rid of emotional alienation.
Based on the above analysis and discussion, the conclusion points out that: the survival and development of human beings is not isolated, but is closely related with the social environment, the social culture, economic development, political aspects such as a decisive impact on shaping the personal emotions. Provide the premise of perfect society for "love and creative work", for the individual to get rid of loneliness, avoid emotional alienation may create. This inhibition is the reality of various crimes, a key to avoid the tragedy of human nature, which can effectively prevent the alienation of individual and social way. By extension, in fact, analytic < 1984 > in human behavior and mental state in a morbid society, to explore the inner the development of people and the pursuit of, also has some practical significance in today's society.

【學位授予單位】：河南大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：I561.074

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