本文關(guān)鍵詞：《遠(yuǎn)離塵囂》的生態(tài)倫理解讀　出處：《江西師范大學(xué)》2012年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

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【摘要】：托馬斯·哈代被公認(rèn)為是英國(guó)乃至全世界最杰出的作家之一，他擅長(zhǎng)于描寫自然，描寫他的家鄉(xiāng)英格蘭西南部鄉(xiāng)村傳統(tǒng)的宗法制生活�！哆h(yuǎn)離塵囂》在他的小說(shuō)寫作生涯中占有非常重要的地位。這是哈代吸引讀者和文學(xué)批評(píng)者關(guān)注的第一部小說(shuō)。“威塞克斯”首次出現(xiàn)在這部小說(shuō)中，此后哈代創(chuàng)作了一系列著名的性格與環(huán)境小說(shuō)。本文介紹和分析了生態(tài)倫理學(xué)發(fā)展歷程中盛行的各種思想潮流的合理之處與缺陷，如人類中心主義觀點(diǎn)、動(dòng)物解放論與動(dòng)物權(quán)利論、生物中心主義和生態(tài)中心主義及深層生態(tài)學(xué)和生物共同體觀念等。在此基礎(chǔ)上，本文以《遠(yuǎn)離塵囂》為例，從生態(tài)倫理學(xué)的視角探討哈代作品中自然的固有價(jià)值與平等權(quán)利，人類與自然之間的和諧關(guān)系等，以便全面了解作家的生態(tài)倫理思想。 本文共分6部分。第一章主要介紹了哈代的生平和創(chuàng)作背景，以及之前國(guó)內(nèi)外對(duì)作家的研究。 第二章系統(tǒng)介紹生態(tài)倫理批評(píng)概況。伴隨環(huán)境問(wèn)題的加劇，環(huán)保運(yùn)動(dòng)的興起和人類生態(tài)倫理意識(shí)的提高，涌現(xiàn)出許多不同的生態(tài)倫理觀點(diǎn)，本章分析了這些生態(tài)倫理思想對(duì)于環(huán)境保護(hù)和生態(tài)穩(wěn)定的利弊。生態(tài)倫理學(xué)家認(rèn)為，自然作為一個(gè)獨(dú)立主體有其自身的內(nèi)在價(jià)值。生態(tài)倫理批評(píng)角度克服了人類中心主義的狹隘，強(qiáng)調(diào)人類能夠與自然包括動(dòng)物和諧共處。哈代的自然視角和生態(tài)倫理觀點(diǎn)與現(xiàn)代生態(tài)倫理學(xué)家高度一致。 第三章從三個(gè)方面討論哈代的生態(tài)倫理思想來(lái)源：首先，哈代的早期鄉(xiāng)村生活經(jīng)歷對(duì)其思想留下了持久影響，培養(yǎng)了作家熱愛(ài)自然、崇敬自然的態(tài)度，使得自然成為了作者小說(shuō)創(chuàng)作的靈感來(lái)源；其次，，作家對(duì)英國(guó)浪漫主義傳統(tǒng)的繼承和受到當(dāng)代哲學(xué)思潮的沖擊。哈代通過(guò)廣泛閱讀華茲華斯等浪漫主義詩(shī)人以及達(dá)爾文的進(jìn)化論，形成了自己的獨(dú)特的生態(tài)倫理觀點(diǎn)；第三，作家所處時(shí)代是其思想成形的大背景、大環(huán)境。哈代生活的英國(guó)維多利亞時(shí)代正處于工業(yè)革命時(shí)期，自然環(huán)境和傳統(tǒng)的宗法制鄉(xiāng)村生活受到嚴(yán)重破壞，因此作者倡導(dǎo)失去土地失去家園的勞苦大眾通過(guò)遠(yuǎn)離塵囂，回歸自然來(lái)改善他們的生存狀況。 第四章以《遠(yuǎn)離塵囂》為例，從土地倫理、動(dòng)物和植物倫理、生態(tài)難民和神生態(tài)四個(gè)方面著手，詳細(xì)分析這部作品中所體現(xiàn)的自然的非工具性價(jià)值以及人類與動(dòng)物之間的和諧關(guān)系等，以期全面了解作家的整個(gè)生態(tài)倫理思想及其表現(xiàn)方式。 第五章從三個(gè)方面探索《遠(yuǎn)離塵囂》中反映出的作家生態(tài)倫理思想方面存在的某些局限和矛盾之處。哈代畢竟不是一位現(xiàn)代生態(tài)倫理學(xué)家，其生態(tài)倫理思想受到時(shí)代的限制，然而，這絲毫不影響作家本人及其作品的獨(dú)特魅力。首先，盡管作家非常強(qiáng)調(diào)大自然作為人類的朋友和生存的家園具有不容忽視的內(nèi)在價(jià)值，但是實(shí)用主義原則在哈代作品中的體現(xiàn)仍然比較明顯。其次，哈代稱贊小說(shuō)人物對(duì)自然中的花草樹(shù)木和小動(dòng)物的愛(ài)護(hù)和悉心照顧，但是當(dāng)這份愛(ài)心與人類利益發(fā)生沖突時(shí)，作者認(rèn)為應(yīng)該首要考慮人的感受。第三，哈代的作品中彌漫著一種對(duì)命運(yùn)不確定性的悲觀主義色彩，這樣容易忽視人的主觀能動(dòng)作用，影響作家生態(tài)倫理思想的發(fā)展完善。 最后一部分得出結(jié)論：從生態(tài)倫理角度對(duì)《遠(yuǎn)離塵囂》的深入探討和分析對(duì)于讀者全面理解作家及其作品以及從同一角度和其他視角解讀哈代的其他性格與環(huán)境小說(shuō)都將有所啟發(fā)與幫助。此外，哈代的生態(tài)倫理思想對(duì)于處于轉(zhuǎn)型時(shí)期的中國(guó)社會(huì)正面臨的一系列環(huán)境和社會(huì)問(wèn)題的解決也具有借鑒價(jià)值。
[Abstract]:Thomas Hardy is recognized as one of the UK and the world's most distinguished writer, he is good at describing the nature, describing his hometown in southwest England rural traditional patriarchal life. > > away from the city, occupies a very important position in his novel writing career. This is Hardy to attract readers and critics pay attention to the first novel. "Wessex" first appeared in the novel, Hardy has since created a series of famous novels of character and environment. Shortcomings and defects are introduced and analyzed various ideological trend in the development of ecological ethics, such as anthropocentrism, animal liberation theory and animal rights theory, anthropocentrism and ecological anthropocentrism and deep ecology and biological community concept. Based on this, this paper takes < > away from the city as an example, from the perspective of ecological ethics The natural values of nature and equal rights in Hardy's works and the harmonious relationship between human and nature are discussed in order to fully understand the author's ecological ethics.
This article is divided into 6 parts. The first chapter mainly introduces the life and creation background of Hardy, as well as the study of writers at home and abroad.
The second chapter describes the system of Ecological Ethics Criticism with profiles. The serious environmental problems, environment protection and human ecological ethics awareness, the emergence of many different ecological ethics view, this chapter analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of these ecological ethics for environmental protection and ecological stability. Ecological ethicists think of nature as an independent subject the intrinsic value of its own. The ecological ethical criticismchanges the anthropocentrism is narrow, stressed that humans can coexist with the nature including animal harmony. Natural perspective and ecological ethics view of Hardy and modern ecological ethicists are highly consistent.
The third chapter discusses the origin of Hardy's ecological ethics from three aspects: firstly, Hardy's early life experiences of the rural thought left a lasting influence, cultivate writers love nature, respect the natural attitude, makes naturally become the writer's writing inspiration; secondly, the writer inherited the British Romantic tradition and by the impact of contemporary philosophy. Through extensive reading of Wordsworth Hardy and the romantic poet Darwin's theory of evolution, formed its own unique ecological ethics; third, the writer at the time background, the idea of forming the environment. The life of Hardy, British Vitoria era is in the period of industrial revolution, the natural environment and traditional the cases in the legal system of rural life has been severely damaged, so the author advocates the loss of land lost their homes by working people away from the hubbub of self regression To improve their living conditions.
In the fourth chapter of < > away from the land ethics, for example, animal and plant four aspects of ecological ethics, ecological refugees and God to the analysis embodied in the works of the natural non instrumental value and the harmonious relationship between human and animal, in order to understand the ecological ethics and the writer comprehensive performance.
The fifth chapter explores some limitations and contradictions "from there reflects the hubbub > writers in the ecological ethics thought from three aspects. Hardy is not a modern ecological ethics, the ecological ethics thought by the time limit, however, did not affect the unique charm of this writer and his works. First, although the writer that very nature as human friends and home life has intrinsic value can not be ignored, but reflect the principle of pragmatism in the works of Hardy are still relatively obvious. Secondly, Hardy praised the characters of natural flowers and trees and small animal care and care, but in the event of a conflict between this love and human interests, the author that should be the primary consideration of the feelings of the people. In third, Hardy's work filled with a kind of uncertain fate of pessimism, this kind of content It is easy to ignore the subjective and dynamic role of the people, which affects the development and perfection of the author's ecological ethics.
The last part is conclusion: away from the hubbub of < > from the perspective of ecological ethics of the in-depth discussion and analysis for the readers to fully understand the author and his works as well as from the same angle and other perspective to interpret Hardy's other novels of character and environment will inspire and help. In addition, it also has reference value to solve a series of problems of ecological environment and society Hardy's ethics in the transition period for China facing the society.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：江西師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：I561.074

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